极端天气事件变得越来越严重，次数越来越频繁。12,13 （联合国跨政府气候变迁小组，2007年） 2010年重大灾难事件： 俄罗斯热浪和大火：
2010年夏天的热浪以及森林大火造成的空气污染，使得莫斯科的每天死亡人数倍增到700人。14,15 （俄罗斯科学院〔Russian Academy of Sciences〕） 莫斯科市政府官员宣称在过去的这个夏季，死亡率增加了60%，将近11,000个居民由于烟雾过量和创纪录的高温影响而丧生。16 巴基斯坦洪灾： 该国历史上最严重的大洪水，导致两千多人死亡，两千多万人受伤或无家可归，五分之一的国土泡在水中。17 中国土石流： 全国各地发生水灾和土石流，单单在 2010这一年，即造成超过3,100人死亡，一千多人失踪。自 1950年以来，洪水在中国增加了7倍。18 巴西 在2010年4月和6月，也发生了极端严重的水灾，每次皆有数百人死亡。19 波兰 在2010年5 月，遭受了几十年来最严重的水灾。20 2010年夏天，森林大火肆虐葡萄牙 ，这是受到低湿度、强风和摄氏40度的创纪录高温所引发。 21 2010年在乍得 和尼日尔利亚 ，干旱和洪水接连发生，洗劫了旱灾过后已所剩无几的粮食作物。 22 2010年，印度、北欧、北美和南美遭受极端酷寒和暴风雪 。 2010年，印尼、冰岛、土耳其、智利、海地等国因许多地震和火山爆发 而陷入混乱。. 全球暖化可能会导致像冰岛的埃亚菲亚德拉火山（ Eyjafjallaj＿kull）这类有冰层覆盖的火山更容易爆发，因为冰层融化会造成地表下的热岩石压力释放出来。 23 （皇家学会哲学会刊A辑 ，2010年）在过去10年来，由于全球暖化，高山地区发生土石流和山崩的频率增加了。火山越来越可能崩解，所造成的大型土石流可能会将城市掩埋掉。 24
（牛津大学火山学家大卫＿派尔〔David Pyle〕、伦敦大学学院比尔＿麦克基尔（Bill McGuire）、英国艾希特大学瑞丘＿洛韦〔Rachel Lowe〕） 由于冰川湖泊融化的数量和规模增长，导致溃堤造成洪水的情形不断增加。 25 （加德满都的国际山区整合发展中心〔ICIMOD〕，2010年） 参考来源
Romm, J. (2009, January 26). NOAA stunner: Climate change “largely irreversible for 1000 years,” with permanent Dust Bowls in Southwest and around the globe. An online acticle on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] finding. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://climateprogress.org/2009/01/26/noaa-climate-change-irreversible-1000-years- Severe Drought Predicted to Grip the Globe By 2040. (2010, October 21). Environment News Service. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2010/2010-10-21-01.html Water shortages reach crisis levels in China (2010, September 13). Cable News Network [CNN]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/09/13/china.water.crisis/index.html Drought, wildfires put Brazil under environmental emergency (2010, September 8). MYsinchew.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.mysinchew.com/node/44603?tid=37 Drought in Brazil’s Amazon basin forest, Pantanal (2010, September 7). Agence France-Presse [AFP]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.france24.com/en/20100907-drought-brazils-amazon-basin-forest-pantanal Three dead as sandstorms blanket northwest China (2010, April 25). AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.france24.com/en/20100425-three-dead-sandstorms-blanket-northwest-china Ahmed, S.A., Diffenbaugh, N.S. and Hertel, T.W. (2009, August 20). Climate Volatility Deepens Poverty Vulnerability in Developing Countries. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Purdue University, News website http://www.purdue.edu/uns/x/2009b/090820DiffenbaughHertel.html# Clarke, J. (2010, June 11). Starving Chad chews on leaves, animal feed. Mail & Guardian online. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-06-11-starving-chad-chewon-leaves-animal-feed Longest, hottest drought on record, says Bureau of Meteorology (2008, october 11). The Australian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/longest-hottest-drought-on-record/story- Kohn, M. (2009, Jul 26). UN chief in Mongolia to highlight climate change. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHAMNZpU6UTXfenBraBdrD9Q5IfQ Rice, X. (2010, June 3). Severe drought causes hunger for 10 million in west Africa. The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jun/03/drought-hunger-west-africa Romm, J. (2008, August 31). Why global warming means killer storms worse than Katrina and Gustav. An online acticle on the IPCC report. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://climateprogress.org/2008/08/31/why-global-warming-means-killer-storms-worse- Hurricanes and Global Warming FAQs (n.d.). PEW Center on Global Climate Change. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.pewclimate.org/hurricanes.cfm Solovyov, D. (2010, August 17). Heat probably killed thousands in Moscow: scientist. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/17/us-russia-heat-deaths-idUSTRE67G2CZ20100817 Weather shifts behind disasters need ‘urgent’ probe: UN (2020, August 19). AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/Weather+shifts+behind+disasters+need+urgent+probe Russian heatwave caused 11,000 deaths in Moscow: official (2010, September 17). AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.france24.com/en/20100917-russian-heatwave-caused-11000-deaths-moscow-official 2010 Pakistan floods (2010). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods Hanley, C.J. (2010, August 12). Scientists: Summer fires, floods augur global warming. AP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38676877/ns/weather/ Tran, M. (2010, August 9). Floods and mudslides on three continents, as drought hits Africa. The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/09/floods-mudslides-drought-extreme-weather ibid. Forest fires break out in Portugal (2010, August 9). China Daily. Retrieved January 11, 2011http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2010-08/09/content_11120379.htm ibid 37. Matson, J. (2010, April 21). A warming world could trigger earthquakes, landslides and volcanoes. An online acticle on Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (Physical, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences research. Scientific American [Electronic version]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=no-link-now-between-eyjafjallajando-2010-04-21 Ravilious, K. (2010, October 15). A warming world could leave cities flattened. New Scientist [Electronic version], 2782. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827825.100-a-warming-world-could-leave-cities-flattened.html International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development [ICIMOD] (2010, September 16). NEPAL: Global warming swells glacial lakes, endangering thousands. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from ReliefWeb http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/MUMA-89C7F5?OpenDocument Agba, D. (2010, November 13). Africa Loses 3.4 Million Hectares to Deforestation. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from allAfrica.comhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201011150782.html Deforestation accounts for about 20% of CO2 emissions globally. (2010, July 17). Climate Central. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.climatecentral.org/library/climopedia Confirmed: Deforestation Plays Critical Climate Change Role. (2007, May 11). ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070511100918.htm Warmer Climate Could Stifle Carbon Uptake by Trees, Study Finds. (2010, Jan 8). ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100107183136.htm Global warming could turn forests from sink to source of carbon emissions. (2009, April 16). An online acticle on International Union of Forest Research Organizations [IUFRO] report. mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0416-forests.html Graham, S. (2003, April 22). Rain Forests Release Carbon Dioxide in Response to Warmer Temperatures. Scientific American [Electronic version]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=rain-forests-release-carb Finnish Environment Institute (2010). Soil contributes to climate warming more than expected - Finnish research shows a flaw in climate models. University of Helsinki. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=351875&lan=en Fogarty, D. (2009, February 26). Australia fires release huge amount of CO2. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE51P12120090226 Romm, J. (2008, April 25). Nature on stunning new climate feedback: Beetle tree kill releases more carbon than fires. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://climateprogress.org Adam, D. (2010, January 14). Arctic permafrost leaking methane at record levels, figures show. An acticle on Paul Palmer findig, a scientist at Edinburgh University. The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/14/arctic-permafrost-methane Corwin, J.A. (2006, October 12). Russia: Siberia’s Once-Frozen Tundra Is Melting. An online acticle on Dr. Katie Walter finding. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1071976.html Fitzpatrick, M. (2010, January 6). Methane release ‘looks stronger’. An acticle on Professor Igor Semiletov finding, head of the International Siberian Shelf Study [ISSS], University of Alaska at Fairbanks, USA. BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8437703.stm Ljunggren, D. (2009, July 29). Arctic tundra hotter, boosts global warming: expert. An acticle on Professor Greg Henry research, University of British Columbia. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE56S53E20090729 Media Advisory: Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for 2010 (2010, September 15). NSIDC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://nsidc.org/news/press/20100915_minimum.html ibid 61. Global warming ‘speeds’ up gas emissions (2010, January 14). BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8459770.stm Arctic greenhouse gas emissions jump 30pc. (2010, January 16). Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.news.com.au/arctic-greenhouse-gas-emissions-jump-30pc/story-e6frflrr-1225820280873 Return to previous Arctic conditions is unlikely (2010). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s [NOAA] Arctic Report Card 2010 Update. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/ Freedman, A. (2010, October 25). Arctic sea ice loss linked to severe U.S. winters. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2010/10/report_details_warm_arctic-col.html More cold and snowy winters to come (2010, November 6). Oslo Science Conference. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://ipy-osc.no/article/2010/1276176306.8 More cold and snowy winters (2010, June 11). More cold and snowy winters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from BarentsObserver.comhttp://www.barentsobserver.com/more-cold-and-snowy-winters.4792360-16176.html Europe, US to see snowy, cold winters: expert (2010, June 11). An acticle on Dr. James Overland, of the NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA statement. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.france24.com/en/20100611-europe-us-see-snowy-cold-winters-expert Hansen, K. (2010, January 27). Arctic ‘Melt Season’ Is Growing Longer, New Research Demonstrates. NASA. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Phsyorg.comhttp://www.physorg.com/news183836066.html Palk, S. (2010, November 15). Arctic explorer’s race against time. CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/11/15/norwegian.explorer.arctic.voyage/ Ljunggren, D. (2009, March 5). Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52468B20090305 Arctic’s Legendary Northwest Passage is Ice-Free for the First Time in Recorded History (2007, August 29). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from The Daily Galaxy website Arctic Ice Especially Thin This Spring, Scientists Say (2009, April 7). Associated Press [AP]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,512836,00.html Arctic sea ice extent third lowest on record (2010, March 18). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Damocles [Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies] website McDermott, M. (2010, February 8). Arctic Melting Triple Threat: Less Winter Ice Means More Summer Melt, It’s All Happening Faster Than Thought + It’s Going to Cost Us... Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Arctic Sea Ice Continues to Decline, Arctic Temperatures Continue to Rise In 2005 (2005, September 28). NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/arcticice_decline.html European Space Agency [ESA] (2010, January 22). Ice sheets report. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESA54M1VMOC_LPcryosat_0.html US warns of record Arctic warming (2010, October 22). An article on NOAA Arctic Report Card 2010 Update. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.france24.com/en/20101022-us-warns-record-arctic-warming http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101022/sc_afp/environmentusclimatearctic Corum, J. and Xaqun G.V. (2010, November 12). Restless Ice. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/14/science/20101114-ice.html ibid. United States Environment Protection Agency [U.S. EPA] (2010, August 19). Future Sea Level Changes. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureslc.html Water flowing through ice sheets accelerates warming, could speed up ice flow (2010, November 3). University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences [CIRES]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-ice-sheets.html Greenland glacier calves island four times the size of Manhattan (2010, August 6). University of Delaware. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.physorg.com/news200326075.html Huge ice island breaks from Greenland glacier (2010, August 7). BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10900235 , Morrison, L. (2010, August 11). Ice island breaks off glacier. The Wheather Network. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=greenland_iceisland_11_08_2010?ref=ccbox_weather_topstories Belluscio, A. (2010, September 3). What lies beneath Antarctic ice. Nature News. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.nature.com/news/2010/100903/full/news.2010.442.html?s=news_rss andhttp://canadianclimateaction.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/methane-bubbling-off-the-antarctic- / Lamont-Doherty (2010, June 20). New research sheds light on Antarctica’s melting Pine Island Glacier. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news196255601.html How’s Antarctica faring? Experts fly over ice to find out (2010, November 15). MSNBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40117241/ns/us_news-environment/ Conway, E. (2010, January 12). Is Antarctica Melting? NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/20100108_Is_Antarctica_Melting.html Wilkins Ice Shelf Image (2009, April 12). NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1341.html ibid 94. Qiu, J. (2010, November 10). Measuring the meltdown. Nature [Electronic version] 468, 141-142. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.nature.com/news/2010/101110/full/468141a.html Casassa, G. (2010).South American glaciers on the retreat. UNEP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://www.grida.no/publications/et/pt/page/2565.aspx Feldman, S. (2009, May 6). Bolivia’s Chacaltaya Glacier Melts to Nothing 6 Years Early. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://solveclimatenews.com/news/20090506/bolivias-chacaltaya-glacier-melts-nothing-6-years-early Stracansky P., (2010, November 13). Fast Melting Glaciers Threaten Biodiversity. Inter Press Service [IPS] / International Federation of Environmental Journalists [IFEJ] / UNEP/ CBD. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53552 Hance, J. (2009, November 2). Goodbye, snows of Kilimanjaro. An article on Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [PNAS] report. mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/1102-hance_kilimanjaro.html Romm, J. (2009, March 3). Another climate impact coming faster than predicted: Glacier National Park to go glacier-free a decade early. An article on US Geological Survey report. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 fromhttp://climateprogress.org/2009/03/03/global-warming-impact-faster-than-predicted-glacier-national-
下载 
suprememastertv.com