氣候變遷的事實 - 對土地與冰帽的衝擊
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乾旱與沙漠化

  • 美國西南部、東南亞、東南美洲、澳洲西部、南歐，以及非洲南部和北部等地，50年內可能會發生無法逆轉的乾旱（即永久沙漠化）。（美國國家海洋和大氣管理局〔NOAA〕，2009年）
  • 自1970年代到2000年代初，全球土地遭受嚴重乾旱侵襲的比例增加了1倍以上。（戴愛國博士〔Aiguo Dai〕，2004）
  • 近年來乾旱地區的實例：
  • 中國北方地區，10米深的裂縫開始在各地田間出現。水的使用若沒有重大改變的話，未來10年內，中國可能會出現數千萬的環境難民。（2010年9月）
  • 巴西亞馬遜州的幾個地區，由於亞馬遜河創紀錄的水位高漲，才剛剛在 2009年面臨歷史性洪水，如今卻已經因為乾旱而被孤立，坐船再也到達不了，只能靠徒步穿越森林。（2010年9月）  
  • 包括伊拉克、中國、查德、澳洲、蒙古、非洲的薩赫勒地區（Sahel）在內的地方，在2010年都遭受乾旱之苦。      
極端天氣事件
  • 極端天氣事件變得越來越嚴重，次數越來越頻繁。（聯合國跨政府氣候變遷小組，2007年）
2010年重大災難事件：
  • 俄羅斯熱浪和大火：2010年夏天的熱浪以及森林大火造成的空氣污染，使得莫斯科的每天死亡人數倍增到700人。（俄羅斯科學院〔Russian Academy of Sciences〕）莫斯科市政府官員宣稱在過去的這個夏季，死亡率增加了60%，將近11,000個居民由於煙霧過量和創紀錄的高溫影響而喪生。
  • 巴基斯坦洪災：該國歷史上最嚴重的大洪水，導致兩千多人死亡，兩千多萬人受傷或無家可歸，五分之一的國土泡在水中。
  • 中國土石流：全國各地發生水災和土石流，單單在 2010這一年，即造成超過3,100人死亡，一千多人失蹤。自 1950年以來，洪水在中國增加了7倍。  
  • 巴西在2010年4月和6月，也發生了極端嚴重的水災，每次皆有數百人死亡。
  • 波蘭在2010年5 月，遭受了幾十年來最嚴重的水災。
  • 2010年夏天，森林大火肆虐葡萄牙，這是受到低濕度、強風和攝氏40度的創紀錄高溫所引發。
  • 2010年在查德和奈及利亞，乾旱和洪水接連發生，洗劫了旱災過後已所剩無幾的糧食作物。
  • 2010年，印度、北歐、北美和南美遭受極端酷寒和暴風雪。
  • 2010年，印尼、冰島、土耳其、智利、海地等國因許多地震和火山爆發而陷入混亂。
  • 全球暖化可能會導致像冰島的埃亞菲亞德拉火山（Eyjafjallajökull）這類有冰層覆蓋的火山更容易爆發，因為冰層融化會造成地表下的熱岩石壓力釋放出來。（皇家學會哲學會刊A輯，2010年）
  • 在過去10年來，由於全球暖化，高山地區發生土石流和山崩的頻率增加了。火山越來越可能崩解，所造成的大型土石流可能會將城市掩埋掉。 （牛津大學火山學家大衛‧派爾〔David Pyle〕、倫敦大學學院比爾‧麥克基爾（Bill McGuire）、英國艾希特大學瑞丘‧洛韋〔Rachel Lowe〕）
  • 由於冰川湖泊融化的數量和規模增長，導致潰堤造成洪水的情形不斷增加。（加德滿都的國際山區整合發展中心〔ICIMOD〕，2010年）
森林銳減
  • 非洲森林在2000年至2010年間遭受了史上第2高的年淨損失，每年驚人地消失340萬公頃森林。
  • 森林砍伐導致的溫室氣體排放約佔總量的20%。
  • 隨著氣候暖化，樹木吸收二氧化碳就越少；森林的樹木和土壤甚至開始釋放大量的二氧化碳。（《美國國家科學院院刊》〔Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences〕，2003年。芬蘭環境協會〔Finnish Environment Institute〕，2010年）森林在每次大火中確實已釋放出巨量的二氧化碳。
  • 隨著全球暖化，使得森林轉變成碳排者，大批樹皮甲蟲在北美森林出沒，並正在蔓延當中。（《自然》〔Nature〕雜誌，2008年）
冰：北極和南極暖化
  • 在北極大氣中的甲烷急遽上升，在5年內增加了33 %。 （愛丁堡大學科學家保羅‧帕瑪〔Paul Palmer〕，2010年） 西伯利亞永凍層融化釋出的甲烷，是先前認為的5 倍。（凱蒂‧沃爾特博士〔Katie Walter〕，2006年）東西伯利亞北極大陸架的海底淺層永凍土也呈現出不穩定情況，並釋放出大量的甲烷。（國際西伯利亞陸棚研究〔ISSS〕主任暨美國費爾班阿拉斯加大學教授艾格‧塞米爾托夫〔Igor Semiletov〕，2010年）北極凍原正在釋出的甲烷和氧化亞氮，比之前所估計的高出很多。（加拿大卑詩大學葛雷格‧亨利教授〔Greg Henry〕）一些科學家將融冰中的北極稱為「定時炸彈」。
  • 今年夏天，北極海冰面積縮小到史上第3低紀錄，面積萎縮最嚴重的3次都發生在過去4年內。（美國國家冰雪資料中心〔NSIDC〕2010 年度報告）


  • 在目前的暖化情況下，北極不太可能回復以往的狀態。（美國國家海洋和大氣管理局2010年更新的北極報告）
  • 2009至2010年冬季，北極暖化為北美東部和歐亞大陸東部帶來了酷寒的冷風和暴風雪。 （美國國家海洋和大氣管理局太平洋海洋環境實驗室〔Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory〕詹姆士‧奧弗蘭博士〔James Overland〕，2010年）
  • 整體暖化造成現在北極每年融冰期比30 年前延長了20 天，這表示更多的熱氣會被北極海吸收，對海洋生態系統和北美氣候造成很大的衝擊。  （美國太空總署，2010年）
  • 由於冰層逐漸消失，極地探險者首次能夠以玻璃纖維小船進行環繞北極之旅；在10年前，因為水道被冰封住，若沒有破冰船根本辦不到。 （挪威極地探險家布爾格‧奧斯蘭〔Borge Ousland〕，其航程從2010年6月開始。）
  • 北極暖化的速度是地球上任何其他地方的2倍。
  • 2007年，北極海冰覆蓋面積創下最低紀錄，使得西北航道得以首次通航。目前只有10%是形成較久的厚冰層，而90%以上都是新近形成的薄冰。科學家們預估最快在2012年或2013年的夏天，北極將會呈現無冰狀態。
  • 沒有具保護性的冰層來反射陽光，90%的太陽熱能會進入開放的海洋，而加速全球暖化。
  • 世界上2個主要的冰原——格陵蘭島和南極洲，正加速融解當中，然而在2000年以前，大家都認為它們是很穩定的。
  • 事實上，格陵蘭島正遭受至少50年來最嚴重的冰層融化和冰河的消失。 （美國國家海洋和大氣管理局2010年更新的北極報告）  冰河最近以2倍或3倍速度向海洋移動。（美國華盛頓大學伊昂‧喬金〔Ian Joughin〕，2010年）  因冰山崩塌造成的「冰震」，自 1993年以來增加了2倍多。（美國哥倫比亞大學喬蘭‧艾克斯瓊〔Göran Ekström〕和馬里帝斯‧尼托爾斯〔Meredith Nettles〕，2010年）格陵蘭冰原可能完全融化，而導致海平面上升7米。
  • 格陵蘭冰原因融化的冰水而更加速融化，可能在幾十年內即瓦解，而不是如以前預測的需時幾百年。 （美國科羅拉多州環境科學合作研究所〔CIRES〕）
  • 2010年8月5日，格陵蘭彼得曼冰川（Petermann Glacier）的四分之一崩離了，其面積是紐約曼哈頓島的4 倍，成為近半世紀以來最大的冰嶼。 德拉瓦大學安德烈亞斯 ‧穆恩喬教授（Andreas Muenchow）表示：「這個冰嶼所貯存的淡水量，足以讓德拉瓦河（Delware River）或哈德遜河（Hudson River）奔流不絕，為時2年以上。」
  • 在南極半島，99%濃度的甲烷氣體持續在某些地區的水面上冒出氣泡來。（阿根廷地質學家魯道夫‧德爾‧巴列博士〔Rodolfo del Valle〕）
  • 在2009年發表的一份主要評論報告發現，特別是南極半島西部的冰架，由於下方的溫暖水流所致，正以空前的速度加速退縮當中。   
  • 南極半島西部的威爾金斯冰架（Wilkins Ice Shelf）在2008年解體了。 2002年，已有 12,000年歷史的拉爾森B（Larsen B）巨大冰架在短短3星期內就完全瓦解。
冰：冰河融化
  • 位於青藏高原和喜馬拉雅山地區的「第3極」是繼北極和南極之後的全球第3大儲冰區，已有超過46,000條冰河和大片的永凍層正在迅速融化中。該地區素有「亞洲水塔」之稱，其冰河退縮可能會影響到10個國家超過15億的人口。 （由中國科學院主導的第3極環境計畫，2010年）
  • 隨著玻利維亞有18,000年歷史的恰卡塔雅冰河（Chacaltaya Glacier）的消失，其他南美安地斯山脈的冰河也可能在幾十年內消失。
  • 吉爾吉斯的冰河正以3倍於1950年代的速度消退當中，每年消退幅度高達50米。到了本世紀末，95%的冰河都可能消失。 （吉爾吉斯比斯凱克市，國家科學院水能量協會）
  • 非洲的吉力馬札羅山自1920年以來，已失去85%的冰河覆蓋面，並可能在20年內完全失去。（《美國國家科學院院刊》，2009年）美國的冰河國家公園到了2020年就會完全沒有冰河，比先前預估的早了10年。（美國地質調查局〔U.S. Geological Survey〕，2009年）
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  47. Europe, US to see snowy, cold winters: expert (2010, June 11). An acticle on Dr. James Overland, of the NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA statement. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.france24.com/en/20100611-europe-us-see-snowy-cold-winters-expert
  48. Hansen, K. (2010, January 27). Arctic ‘Melt Season’ Is Growing Longer, New Research Demonstrates. NASA. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Phsyorg.com
    http://www.physorg.com/news183836066.html
  49. Palk, S. (2010, November 15). Arctic explorer’s race against time. CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  50. Ljunggren, D. (2009, March 5). Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52468B20090305
  51. Arctic’s Legendary Northwest Passage is Ice-Free for the First Time in Recorded History (2007, August 29). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from The Daily Galaxy website
    http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/08/arctics-legenda.html
  52. Arctic Ice Especially Thin This Spring, Scientists Say (2009, April 7). Associated Press [AP]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,512836,00.html
  53. Arctic sea ice extent third lowest on record (2010, March 18). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Damocles [Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies] website
    http://www.damocles-eu.org/research/Arctic_sea_ice_extent_third_lowest_on_record.shtml
  54. McDermott, M. (2010, February 8). Arctic Melting Triple Threat: Less Winter Ice Means More Summer Melt, It’s All Happening Faster Than Thought + It’s Going to Cost Us... Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/02/arctic-melting-happening-faster-than-expected.php
  55. Arctic Sea Ice Continues to Decline, Arctic Temperatures Continue to Rise In 2005 (2005, September 28). NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/arcticice_decline.html
  56. European Space Agency [ESA] (2010, January 22). Ice sheets report. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESA54M1VMOC_LPcryosat_0.html
  57. US warns of record Arctic warming (2010, October 22). An article on NOAA Arctic Report Card 2010 Update. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.france24.com/en/20101022-us-warns-record-arctic-warming
    and http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101022/sc_afp/environmentusclimatearctic
  58. Corum, J. and Xaqun G.V. (2010, November 12). Restless Ice. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/14/science/20101114-ice.html
  59. ibid.
  60. United States Environment Protection Agency [U.S. EPA] (2010, August 19). Future Sea Level Changes. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureslc.html
  61. Water flowing through ice sheets accelerates warming, could speed up ice flow (2010, November 3). University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences [CIRES]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-ice-sheets.html
  62. Greenland glacier calves island four times the size of Manhattan (2010, August 6). University of Delaware. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.physorg.com/news200326075.html
  63. Huge ice island breaks from Greenland glacier (2010, August 7). BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10900235,
  64. Morrison, L. (2010, August 11). Ice island breaks off glacier. The Wheather Network. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=greenland_iceisland_11_08_2010?ref=ccbox_weather_topstories
  65. Belluscio, A. (2010, September 3). What lies beneath Antarctic ice. Nature News. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100903/full/news.2010.442.html?s=news_rss and
    http://canadianclimateaction.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/methane-bubbling-off-the-antarctic-
    peninsula-hello-paleocene-eocene-thermal-maximum    /
  66. Lamont-Doherty (2010, June 20). New research sheds light on Antarctica’s melting Pine Island Glacier. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news196255601.html
  67. How’s Antarctica faring? Experts fly over ice to find out (2010, November 15). MSNBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  68. Conway, E. (2010, January 12). Is Antarctica Melting? NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  69. Wilkins Ice Shelf Image (2009, April 12). NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1341.html
  70. ibid 94.
  71. Qiu, J. (2010, November 10). Measuring the meltdown. Nature [Electronic version] 468, 141-142. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101110/full/468141a.html
  72. Casassa, G. (2010).South American glaciers on the retreat. UNEP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.grida.no/publications/et/pt/page/2565.aspx
  73. Feldman, S. (2009, May 6). Bolivia’s Chacaltaya Glacier Melts to Nothing 6 Years Early. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://solveclimatenews.com/news/20090506/bolivias-chacaltaya-glacier-melts-nothing-6-years-early
  74. Stracansky P., (2010, November 13). Fast Melting Glaciers Threaten Biodiversity. Inter Press Service [IPS] / International Federation of Environmental Journalists [IFEJ] / UNEP/ CBD. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53552
  75. Hance, J. (2009, November 2). Goodbye, snows of Kilimanjaro. An article on Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [PNAS] report. mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/1102-hance_kilimanjaro.html
  76. Romm, J. (2009, March 3). Another climate impact coming faster than predicted: Glacier National Park to go glacier-free a decade early. An article on US Geological Survey report. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://climateprogress.org/2009/03/03/global-warming-impact-faster-than-predicted-glacier-national-
    park-decade-early-2020-2030/
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::: 緊急求救─全球暖化 :::
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新聞
拯救地球 - 關於氣候變遷的最近新聞
救災消息
成因
動物產品
溫室氣體
森林砍伐
後果
生物多樣性消失
極端氣候
糧食短缺
人為影響
海洋
極地與冰河融化
海平面上升
缺水與汙染
緊迫性
甲烷導致全球暖化失控
地球危機
解決之道
素食解決之道
有機農耕
環保科技
科學家談氣候變遷
政治家談氣候變遷
清海無上師談環保
與清海無上師的視訊會議探討氣候變遷
資源
氣候變遷手冊
氣候變遷廣告
關於氣候變遷的影片
聯合國報告
每日小秘訣
資源