畜牧業對環境的衝擊
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喪失生物多樣性
  • 畜牧業所造成的破壞，威脅全球動植物的生存。如果全世界都改採蔬食的生活方式，可防止60%生物多樣性的喪失。
    （《慎思全球生物多樣性策略》〔Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies〕，荷蘭環境評估委員會〔Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency〕，2010年）
  • 舉例來說，蒙古82%的國土面積被規劃為永久放牧地，這是造成蒙古和整個中亞喪失生物多樣性的最大威脅。 （聯合國糧食及農業組織〔FAO〕）
濫墾濫伐

  • 畜養動物是伐林的主因之一。（聯合國糧食及農業組織，2006年）
  • 自1990年代至今，亞馬遜地區的伐林，約90%是為了開墾土地用來牧牛或種植飼料。
  • 這20年來，澳洲的樹林砍伐，91%是為了當作牧場。 （近日昆士蘭州政府委託環境暨資源管理局前首席科學家傑瑞德‧畢夏普先生〔Gerard Bisshop〕所做的20年研究報告）

土地沙漠化

  • 過度放牧和不斷擴大飼料種植面積，造成土地沙漠化。（《聯合國防治沙漠化公約》〔UNCCD〕主題專案3：乾燥地區的牧地管理及沙丘固定，2003年） 畜牧業造成全球逾50%的土壤遭受侵蝕，導致土地沙漠化。
  • 農業管理不善、氣候變遷和放牧活動，造成每年約750億噸表土受侵蝕。單單在美國，就有54%的牧地被過度放牧，每公頃土地每年損失100噸以上的表土。
    （最近在澳洲新南威爾斯州舉行的碳耕會議上，約翰‧克勞馥教授〔John Crawford〕提出的研究報告）
  • 2010年，伊拉克、中國、查德、澳洲、蒙古和其他國家發生嚴重乾旱，而放牧動物讓旱情更加嚴重。        
傳播疾病

  • 所有的人類傳染病中，65%以上是由動物傳染的。工廠化養殖場骯髒且不人道的環境滋生致命細菌和病毒，例如禽流感和豬流感。
  • 肉食引起的疾病還包括結核病、李斯特菌症、克隆氏症、狂牛症、曲狀桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、口蹄疫、愛滋病，和中國在2009年爆發的肺鼠疫等等。
  • 工廠化養殖場定期對動物施用抗生素，造成細菌突變，導致病原產生抗藥性。
溫室氣體排放

  • 溫室氣體排放
    • 畜牧業和其副產品的溫室氣體排放量佔全球總排放量的51%以上。（古德蘭〔Goodland〕和安亨〔Anhang〕，2009年）
  • 燃燒石化燃料時與二氧化碳同時釋出的氣溶膠或微粒，雖然有害健康，卻能抵銷二氧化碳產生的暖化效應，有降溫的效果。因此在短期內，畜牧業的排放對全球暖化佔有舉足輕重的影響。（莫爾〔Mohr〕，2009年）
  • 以20年為期，甲烷的暖化效應約比二氧化碳強100倍，但在大氣中消散的速度，比起滯留期長達數百年至千年的二氧化碳要快得多。人為排放甲烷的最大來源就是畜牧業。
  • 畜牧養殖動物的甲烷排放量被低估了。美國密蘇里大學的研究員重新計算的結果指出，酪農場和養豬場的排泄物所產生的甲烷，比原先估計的多了65%。
  • 除了二氧化碳和甲烷，地面（對流層）臭氧是第3普遍的溫室氣體。以地區性來看，發酵的動物飼料比車輛排放更多有害的臭氧。
  • 黑碳的暖化效應是二氧化碳的4,470倍，主要源自焚燒樹林和草原畜養動物。北極地區氣溫上升和各地冰川融解，有一半是黑碳造成的。黑碳只會滯留在大氣中數天至數星期，因此減少黑碳排放可以在近期內快速緩解暖化情況。（《自然地球科學》〔Nature Geoscience〕期刊）
  • 溫室氣體氧化亞氮的暖化效應約是二氧化碳的300倍。全球的氧化亞氮排放量，有65%是來自畜牧業。 
佔用土地

  • 全球70%的農地、30%無冰的地表面積用於畜牧業。（《牲畜的巨大陰影》〔Livestock’s Long Shadow〕，聯合國糧食及農業組織，2006年）
海洋衰竭
  • 畜牧業是最大宗的營養物污染源，造成毒藻叢生、耗盡氧氣，形成無法支持海洋生物生長的死亡海域。（《牲畜的巨大陰影》，聯合國糧食及農業組織，2006年）
  • 過度捕撈是海洋裡90%的大型魚類消失的主因。（《自然》〔Nature〕雜誌，達浩斯大學邁爾斯〔Myers〕和沃姆〔Worm〕的研究報告，2003年5月13日）
  • 全球消耗的魚類和貝類，有一半是用在養殖漁業，致使野生魚類瀕臨絕種。（《美國國家科學院院刊》〔Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences〕，2009年）
  • 舉例來說，要用掉5磅野生的魚才能養殖出1磅的鮭魚。（史丹福大學伍茲環境研究所與國際問題研究所納萊〔Naylor〕的研究報告）
  • 全球捕撈的漁獲量，有三分之一至一半是用於餵養牲畜（豬和雞）。（海洋守護協會〔Sea Shepherd〕的年度環境與資源評估報告）
製造污染
  • 肉品業是最大宗的水污染源。大量未經處理過的動物排泄物、化肥、殺蟲劑、抗生素和其他與畜牧業有關的污染物堵塞水道。
  • 畜牧業排放的氨氣佔全球總量的64%，不僅造成酸雨，還會產生硫化氫這種致命氣體。
  • 1座工廠化動物養殖場製造的排泄物和污染，多於美國德州休士頓整個城市。
  • 1996年，美國的牛、豬和家禽養殖業製造14億噸動物排泄物，是全球人類排泄物的130倍。
  • 糞肥是地下水污染和大氣暖化的主因。單單在美國沿海一帶，糞肥和其他作物肥料的逕流約形成230處缺乏氧氣的死亡海域。
  • 舉例來說，動物養殖場逕流在墨西哥灣造成世上最大的死亡海域之一，目前面積已達8,000平方英里。2010年2月，巴西羅德里戈湖（Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon）爆發80噸魚類窒息死亡的事件。
  • 養殖漁業所產生的毒藻，以及使用殺蟲劑和抗生素等化學物質，都會污染環境。（世界自然基金會〔WWF〕）
耗費大量資源
  • 燃料。1個6盎司的牛排所需要的石化燃料能源，是1份含3種蔬菜和米飯的純素餐點的16倍。（《紐約時報》）
  • 生產1公斤牛肉，相當於駕駛250公里及1個100瓦的燈泡連續照明20天。（日本國立家畜與草原科學研究所）
  • 排放。肉類飲食的碳排放量相當於1部汽車行駛4,758公里，而有機純素飲食僅相當於281公里，前者是後者的17倍。換句話說，有機純素飲食的碳排放量比肉類飲食少了94%。（德國生態經濟研究協會〔Institute for Ecological Economy Research〕）
  • 土地。1個肉食者需要2公頃（4英畝）的土地來供給食物。但同樣大小的土地，卻可供給80個採行健康生活方式的純素食者。
  • 食物。目前有80%飢餓的孩童所處的國家將糧食出口去餵養牲畜。
  • 美國三分之二出口的穀物是用來餵養牲畜而不是人類。
  • 印度的一項研究發現，生產1公斤的牛肉，需要7公斤可直接供人類食用的穀物作飼料，而產出的蛋白質卻不到三分之一。
  • 全球穀物大約有40%是給牲畜食用，全球富含蛋白質的大豆有85%是用來餵養牛隻和其他動物。
  • 水。1個肉食者每天耗費的水高達15,000公升，是純素食者的15倍。
水資源匱乏

  • 根據斯德哥爾摩國際水資源研究所（Stockholm International Water Institute）的調查，農業用水佔總用水量的70%，其中大部分用在生產肉類。
  • 生產1公斤牛肉需要20萬公升的水，但生產1公斤大豆、小麥、玉米，分別只需2,000公升、900公升、650公升的水。（《水資源、農業與環境》〔Water Resources, Agriculture, and the Environment〕，皮門特爾、伯格、菲利伯托等人〔Pimentel D, Berger B, Filiberto D〕，2004年）
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新聞
拯救地球 - 關於氣候變遷的最近新聞
救災消息
成因
動物產品
溫室氣體
森林砍伐
後果
生物多樣性消失
極端氣候
糧食短缺
人為影響
海洋
極地與冰河融化
海平面上升
缺水與汙染
緊迫性
甲烷導致全球暖化失控
地球危機
解決之道
素食解決之道
有機農耕
環保科技
科學家談氣候變遷
政治家談氣候變遷
清海無上師談環保
與清海無上師的視訊會議探討氣候變遷
資源
氣候變遷手冊
氣候變遷廣告
關於氣候變遷的影片
聯合國報告
每日小秘訣
資源