冰:北極和南極暖化
在北極大氣中的甲烷急遽上升,在5年內增加了33 %。 35 (愛丁堡大學科學家保羅‧帕瑪〔Paul Palmer〕,2010年) 西伯利亞永凍層融化釋出的甲烷,是先前認為的5 倍。36 (凱蒂‧沃爾特博士〔Katie Walter〕,2006年) 東西伯利亞北極大陸架 的海底淺層永凍土也呈現出不穩定情況,並釋放出大量的甲烷。37 (國際西伯利亞陸棚研究〔ISSS〕主任暨美國費爾班阿拉斯加大學教授艾格‧塞米爾托夫〔Igor Semiletov〕,2010年) 北極凍原正在釋出的甲烷和氧化亞氮,比之前所估計的高出很多。38 (加拿大卑詩大學葛雷格‧亨利教授〔Greg Henry〕) 一些科學家將融冰中的北極稱為「定時炸彈」。39,40,41 今年夏天,北極海冰面積縮小到史上第3低紀錄,面積萎縮最嚴重的3次都發生在過去4年內。 42 (美國國家冰雪資料中心〔NSIDC〕2010 年度報告)) 在目前的暖化情況下,北極不太可能回復以往的狀態。 43 (美國國家海洋和大氣管理局2010年更新的北極報告) 2009至2010年冬季,北極暖化為北美東部和歐亞大陸東部帶來了酷寒的冷風和暴風雪。 44,45,46,47 (美國國家海洋和大氣管理局太平洋海洋環境實驗室〔Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory〕詹姆士‧奧弗蘭博士〔James Overland〕,2010年) 整體暖化造成現在北極每年融冰期比30 年前延長了20 天,這表示更多的熱氣會被北極海吸收,對海洋生態系統和北美氣候造成很大的衝擊。 48 (美國太空總署,2010年) 由於冰層逐漸消失,極地探險者首次能夠以玻璃纖維小船進行環繞北極之旅;在10年前,因為水道被冰封住,若沒有破冰船根本辦不到。 49 挪威極地探險家布爾格‧奧斯蘭〔Borge Ousland〕,其航程從2010年6月開始。) 北極暖化的速度是地球上任何其他地方的2倍。50 2007年,北極海冰覆蓋面積創下最低紀錄,使得西北航道得以首次通航。51 目前只有10%是形成較久的厚冰層,而90%以上都是新近形成的薄冰。52 科學家們預估最快在2012年或2013年的夏天,北極將會呈現無冰狀態。53,54 沒有具保護性的冰層來反射陽光,90%的太陽熱能會進入開放的海洋,而加速全球暖化。55,56 世界上2個主要的冰原——格陵蘭島和南極洲 ,正加速融解當中,然而在2000年以前,大家都認為它們是很穩定的。57 事實上,格陵蘭島正遭受至少50年來最嚴重的冰層融化和冰河的消失。 58 (美國國家海洋和大氣管理局2010年更新的北極報告) 冰河最近以2倍或3倍速度向海洋移動。59 (美國華盛頓大學伊昂‧喬金〔Ian Joughin〕,2010年) 因冰山崩塌造成的「冰震」,自 1993年以來增加了2倍多。 60 (美國哥倫比亞大學喬蘭‧艾克斯瓊〔Göran Ekström〕和馬里帝斯‧尼托爾斯〔Meredith Nettles〕,2010年) 格陵蘭冰原可能完全融化,而導致海平面上升7米。61 格陵蘭冰原因融化的冰水而更加速融化,可能在幾十年內即瓦解,而不是如以前預測的需時幾百年。 62 (美國科羅拉多州環境科學合作研究所〔CIRES〕) 2010年8月5日,格陵蘭彼得曼冰川(Petermann Glacier)的四分之一崩離了,其面積是紐約曼哈頓島的4 倍,成為近半世紀以來最大的冰嶼。 德拉瓦大學安德烈亞斯 ‧穆恩喬教授(Andreas Muenchow)表示:「這個冰嶼所貯存的淡水量,足以讓德拉瓦河(Delware River)或哈德遜河(Hudson River)奔流不絕,為時2年以上。」63,64,65 在南極半島,99%濃度的甲烷氣體持續在某些地區的水面上冒出氣泡來。 66 (阿根廷地質學家魯道夫‧德爾‧巴列博士〔Rodolfo del Valle〕) 在2009年發表的一份主要評論報告發現,特別是南極半島 西部的冰架,由於下方的溫暖水流所致,正以空前的速度加速退縮當中。 67,68,69 南極半島西部的威爾金斯冰架(Wilkins Ice Shelf)在2008年解體了。 2002年,已有 12,000年歷史的拉爾森B(Larsen B)巨大冰架在短短3星期內就完全瓦解。70 冰:冰河融化
位於青藏高原和喜馬拉雅山地區的「第3極」是繼北極和南極之後的全球第3大儲冰區,已有超過46,000條冰河和大片的永凍層正在迅速融化中。該地區素有「亞洲水塔」之稱,其冰河退縮可能會影響到10個國家超過15億的人口。 71 (由中國科學院主導的第3極環境計畫,2010年) 隨著玻利維亞有18,000年歷史的恰卡塔雅冰河(Chacaltaya Glacier)的消失,其他南美安地斯山脈的冰河也可能在幾十年內消失。 72,73 吉爾吉斯的冰河正以3倍於1950年代的速度消退當中,每年消退幅度高達50米。到了本世紀末,95%的冰河都可能消失。 74 (吉爾吉斯比斯凱克市,國家科學院水能量協會) 非洲的吉力馬札羅山自1920年以來,已失去85%的冰河覆蓋面,並可能在20年內完全失去。 75 (《美國國家科學院院刊》,2009年) 美國的冰河國家公園到了2020年就會完全沒有冰河,比先前預估的早了10年。 76 (美國地質調查局〔U.S. Geological Survey〕,2009年)
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地球:我們可愛的家
南極冰融:訪問彼得‧貝瑞特教授
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冰河學家警告嚴重的冰融 - 2010年4月11日
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