ACIDIFICATION
- Oceans are acidifying 10 times faster now than 55 million years ago when a mass extinction of marine species occurred. (University of Bristol researchers, in Nature Geoscience, 2010)
- If emissions aren’t stopped, a mass marine extinction is possible by the end of the century with degraded coastal waters and outbreaks of toxic algae and jellyfish. (Geological Society of London, 2010)
DEAD ZONES
- Oxygen-depleted dead zones caused by global warming can remain for thousands of years. (Shaffer et al. in Nature Geoscience, 2009) Climate change, as well as agricultural run-off, is causing new and larger low-oxygen dead zones. Now well over 400 in number and usually along coasts, dead zones have been doubling every decade since the 1960s. (Science, 2008)
- Toxic algae growth could become a tipping point. In the Baltic Sea, record high temperatures in summer 2010 led to an immense patch of algae the size of Germany, and spreading. Toxic algae infestations are occurring with ever greater frequency in both inland and ocean waters worldwide.
CORAL BLEACHING
- In Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, experts are reporting coral bleaching in 2010 as the worst since 1998, when a similar event caused 16% of the world’s coral reefs to perish. (Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies)
OCEAN CIRCULATION
- Over the next century, the Atlantic Ocean circulation might slow to a stop or reverse due to large amounts of melted freshwater changing the ocean’s salt concentration. Such an event could trigger an Ice Age in Europe and North America. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2003)
OCEAN WARMING
- An estimated 90% of the heat from greenhouse gases over the past 50 years has been absorbed by the oceans, all the way to the deep ocean floor. If the heat currently being poured into the deep ocean were to stay in the atmosphere instead, our ambient temperature would rise at a rate of 3 degrees Celsius per decade. The Antarctic Ocean has the strongest deep warming, and is adding to sea level rise as well, both through expansion and the melt of land ice into the ocean. (Sarah Purkey, an oceanographer at the University of Washington, USA)
- Frozen methane from beneath the ocean floor could be released in massive amounts if the oceans are warmed enough, thus leading to further catastrophic warming. Sudden explosive releases of methane could also trigger 15-meter tsunamis. At the current rate, sea temperatures could increase by as much as 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100. (The Royal Geographical Society. Dr. Mark Maslin, Senior Reader in Geography at University College London and a senior researcher for the London Environmental Change Research Centre, 2005)
- The ocean temperature is rising 50% faster than previous 2007 estimates.
PHYTOPLANKTON LOSS
- Warming oceans caused a 40% decline in phytoplankton populations since 1950, which will have serious consequences. Phytoplankton not only provides crucial support to the marine ecosystem, it produces half the world’s oxygen, and eliminates CO2. (Boyce et al. Nature, Jul 2010)
SEA LEVEL RISE
- Dr. John Holdren, president of American Association for the Advancement of Science, predicts a possible 4-meter sea level rise by end of the century, and Dr. James Hansen, NASA’s head of Goddard Institute for Space Studies, has stated the likelihood of a 5-meter sea level rise by end of the century. (2006, 2007, respectively.)
- A sea level rise of even 1 meter would result in over 100 million climate refugees and endanger major cities like London, Cairo, Bangkok, Venice, New York, and Shanghai.
- Examples of countries affected by sea level rise:
- Âu Lạc (Vietnam). At the nation’s rice bowl region, the Mekong Delta, ocean salt water has encroached an unprecedented 60 kilometers up-river in 2010, threatening 100,000 hectares of rice.
- Thailand. Seawater is expected to reach Bangkok’s ground level in 25 years. (GEodetic Earth Observation Technologies for Thailand: Environmental Change Detection and Investigation, 2010)
- Egypt. More than 58 meters of coastline have vanished every year since 1989 in Rasheed. (Omran Frihy of the Coastal Research Institute, 2010)
- Sea level rise caused at least 18 island nations to completely disappear while many more coastal areas are continually threatened. More than 40 other island nations are at risk from rising sea levels.
- Sea level rise threatens half of the world's population living within 200 kilometers of a coastline. Already, low-lying coastal regions and deltas see effects: 17 million in Bangladesh have fled their homes, mainly because of coastal erosion. Groundwater sources are contaminated by saltwater in Israel and Thailand, small island states in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Caribbean Sea, and in some of the world's major deltas, such as the Yangtze Delta and Mekong Delta.
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- Ridgwell, A. and Schmidt, D.N. (2010, February 14). Rate of ocean acidification the fastest in 65 million year. Nature Geoscience. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2010/6835.html
- Dias, B.B., Hart, M.B., Smart, C.W. and Hall-Spencer, J.M. (2010). Journal of the Geological Society, London, 167, 1-4. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/views/page8336.html - Romm, J. (2009, February 17). So much for geoengineering, 2: Ocean dead zones to expand, “remain for thousands of years”. An article on Shaffer’s et al. publication in Nature Geoscience. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://climateprogress.org/2009/02/17/so-much-for-geoengineering-2-ocean-dead-zones-to-expand-remain-for-thousands-of-years/ - Hance, J. (2008, August 14). Marine ‘dead zones’ double every decade. An article on scientists’ report in the journal Science. Mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0814-hance_hypoxia.html
- Forrest, A. (2010, September 20). Killer algae. The Big Issue. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.bigissuescotland.com/features/view/365
- Hattam, J. (2010, July 24). Massive Algae Bloom Spreading Across Baltic Sea. treehugger. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/07/massive-algae-bloom-spreading-across-baltic-sea.php - ibid 135.
- Worst coral death strikes at SE Asia (2010, October 19). Australian Research Council [ARC] Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from ARC website http://www.coralcoe.org.au/news_stories/regionalbleaching.html
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (2010, November 3). Earth’s climate change 20,000 years ago reversed the circulation of the Atlantic Ocean. PHYSORG.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-earth-climate-years-reversed-circulation.html
- Gagosian, R.B. (2003, January 27). Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried? Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?cid=9986&pid=12455&tid=282
- Scientists Find 20 Years of Deep Water Warming Leading to Sea Level Rise (2010, September 20). NOAA. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100920_oceanwarming.html - Butler, R.A. (2005, September 6). Ocean gas hydrates could trigger catastrophic climate change. An article on research presented at the Annual Conference of the Royal Geographical Society. Mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0906-gas_hydrates.html
- Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research [CSIRO], the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2008, June 19). Ocean Temperatures And Sea Level Increases 50 Percent Higher Than Previously Estimated. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080618143301.htm
- Connor, S. (2010, May 20). Man-made climate change blamed for ‘significant’ rise in ocean temperature. The Independent. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/manmade-climate-change-blamed-for-significant-rise-in-ocean-temperature-1977669.html
- Boyce, D.G., Lewis, M.R., Worm B. (2010, July 29). Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature, 466, 591–596. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7306/abs/nature09268.html
- Holdren, J. (2006, August 31). Top scientist’s fears for climate. BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5303574.stm
- Hansen, J.E. (2007, May 24). Scientific reticence and sea level rise. IOPScience. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/2/2/024002/fulltext - Gillis, J. (2010, November 13). As Glaciers Melt, Science Seeks Data on Rising Seas. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/science/earth/14ice.html?_r=3&ref=global-home - National Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting Centre (2010, March 5). VIETNAM: Record drought threatens livelihoods. IRIN. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88320
- Geodetic Earth Observation Technologies for Thailand: Environmental Change Detection and Investigation (2010, November 16). Agency needed to deal with ‘sinking Bangkok’. Asia News Network. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20101116-247471.html - Sea level rise threatens Egypt’s Nile Delta & Alexandria. (2010, November 15). An article on Omran Frihy of the Coastal Research Institute study. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/11/15/126221.html
- Wynn, G. (2009, September 30). Two meter sea level rise unstoppable: experts. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE58S4L420090930 - Alliance Of Small Island States (2009, June 30). Climate Institute. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.climate.org/climatelab/Alliance_Of_Small_Island_States - Feeling the Heat (n.d.). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/feeling_the_heat/items/2905.php
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