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气候变迁的事实 - 对海洋的冲击
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海洋酸化
- 现在海洋酸化的速度比5,500万年前快10倍,那时发生了海洋物种大灭绝。 (《自然地球科学》期刊,布里斯托大学的研究人员,2010年)
- 如果没有遏止温室气体的排放,随着沿海水域恶化以及毒藻和水母的暴发,本世纪末可能发生海洋生物大规模灭绝。 (伦敦地质学会〔Geological Society of London〕,2010年)
死亡海域
- 因全球暖化所造成的氧气耗尽的死亡海域,可能维持数千年之久。(《自然地球科学》期刊,谢弗尔〔Shaffer〕等人,2009年)气候变迁及农业产生的溢流,正逐渐造成新的、更大的低氧死亡海域。目前这种海域已多达400处以上,通常是在沿海地区。自1960年代以来,死亡海域数量每10年就增加1倍。(《科学》杂志,2008年)
- 有毒藻类的生长可能成为一个临界点。在波罗的海,2010年夏季创纪录的高温,导致藻类大量繁殖,蔓延的地区相当于德国那么大,而且还在扩大当中。有毒藻类正前所未有地频频出现在全世界内陆和海洋水域。
珊瑚白化
- 专家们报告说,2010年在东南亚和印度洋发生的珊瑚白化现象,是1998年以来最严重的一次,当时一个类似的事件造成世界16%的珊瑚礁死亡。(澳洲研究议会〔ARC〕珊瑚礁研究领导中心)
海洋环流
- 由于大量融化的淡水改变了海洋的盐分浓度,在下一世纪,大西洋环流可能减慢至完全停止或逆转,届时将导致欧洲和北美回到冰河时代。 (伍兹霍尔海洋研究所〔Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution〕,2003年)
海洋警讯
- 据估计,过去 50年来,90%来自温室气体的热能一直为海洋所吸收,并沈入深海底层。这些大量进入深海的热度若是滞留在大气层的话,我们周遭的温度将每10年增加摄氏3度。南冰洋的深海暖化最为强烈,由于海水膨胀加上陆冰融化流入海洋,加快了海平面的上升。(美国华盛顿大学海洋学家莎拉‧波基〔Sarah Purkey〕)
- 当海洋暖化到一定程度,海底下的冰冻甲烷可能会大量释出,从而导致进一步的灾难性暖化。突然爆发的甲烷还可能引发15米高的海啸。按照目前的速度,到2100年海水温度可能会增加摄氏5.8度之多。(皇家地理学会〔Royal Geographical Society〕,伦敦大学学院地理高级讲师和伦敦环境变化研究中心的高级研究员马克‧马斯林博士〔Mark Maslin〕,2005年)
- 海洋温度上升的速度,比先前在2007年估计的快50%。
浮游植物的消失
- 自 1950年以来,海洋暖化造成浮游植物数量下降了40%,这将带来严重的后果。浮游植物不仅对海洋生态系统提供关键性的支撑作用,还产生世界上一半的氧气,并消除二氧化碳。(《自然》杂志,博伊斯〔Boyce〕等人,2010年7月)
海平面上升
- 美国科学促进会(American Association for the Advancement of Science)会长约翰‧霍尔德伦博士(John Holdren),预言本世纪末海平面可能会上升4米,而美国太空总署戈达德太空研究所(Goddard Institute for Space Studies)负责人詹姆士‧韩森博士(James Hansen),先前则指出本世纪末海平面可能上升 5米。(分别于2006年、2007年发表)
- 海平面仅仅上升1米,就会导致超过 1亿的气候难民,并危及如伦敦、开罗、曼谷、威尼斯、纽约和上海等大城市。
- 列举遭受海平面上升影响的国家:
- 悠乐(越南):该国的湄公河叁角洲米仓区,其上游流域在2010年遭到咸海水倒灌的区域高达前所未有的60公里,威胁了10万公顷的稻米生长。
- 泰国:海水在25年内就会到达曼谷的陆地平面。 (泰国大地测量地球观测技术:环境变迁观测和调查,2010年)
- 埃及:自1989年以来,罗塞塔(Rasheed )每年有超过 58米的海岸线消失。 (海岸研究所〔Coastal Research Institute〕欧姆南‧富莱喜〔Omran Frihy〕,2010年)
- 海平面上升造成至少18个岛国已完全消失,而更多的沿海地区仍继续受到威胁。另外还有四十多个其他岛国也因为海平面上升而岌岌可危。
- 海平面上升威胁着一半以上居住在离海岸线200公里内的世界人口。目前,沿海低洼地区和叁角洲已经看到的影响:孟加拉有1,700万人逃离家园,主要是因为海岸侵蚀。在以色列和泰国,以及太平洋、印度洋和加勒比海的小岛屿国家,还有世界的一些主要叁角洲,如长江叁角洲和湄公河叁角洲地区,地下水源都已受到咸水的污染。
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参考来源 |
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http://climateprogress.org/2009/02/17/so-much-for-geoengineering-2-ocean-dead-zones-to-expand-remain-for-thousands-of-years/ - Hance, J. (2008, August 14). Marine ‘dead zones’ double every decade. An article on scientists’ report in the journal Science. Mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0814-hance_hypoxia.html
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http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100920_oceanwarming.html - Butler, R.A. (2005, September 6). Ocean gas hydrates could trigger catastrophic climate change. An article on research presented at the Annual Conference of the Royal Geographical Society. Mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0906-gas_hydrates.html
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http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20101116-247471.html - Sea level rise threatens Egypt’s Nile Delta & Alexandria. (2010, November 15). An article on Omran Frihy of the Coastal Research Institute study. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/11/15/126221.html
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