气候变迁的事实 - 对土地与冰帽的冲击
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干旱与沙漠化

  • 美国西南部、东南亚、东南美洲、澳洲西部、南欧，以及非洲南部和北部等地，50年内可能会发生无法逆转的干旱（即永久沙漠化）。（美国国家海洋和大气管理局〔NOAA〕，2009年）
  • 自1970年代到2000年代初，全球土地遭受严重干旱侵袭的比例增加了1倍以上。（戴爱国博士〔Aiguo Dai〕，2004）
  • 近年来干旱地区的实例：
  • 中国北方地区，10米深的裂缝开始在各地田间出现。水的使用若没有重大改变的话，未来10年内，中国可能会出现数千万的环境难民。（2010年9月）
  • 巴西亚马逊州的几个地区，由于亚马逊河创纪录的水位高涨，才刚刚在 2009年面临历史性洪水，如今却已经因为干旱而被孤立，坐船再也到达不了，只能靠徒步穿越森林。（2010年9月）  
  • 包括伊拉克、中国、乍得、澳洲、蒙古、非洲的萨赫勒地区（Sahel）在内的地方，在2010年都遭受干旱之苦。      
极端天气事件
  • 极端天气事件变得越来越严重，次数越来越频繁。（联合国跨政府气候变迁小组，2007年）
2010年重大灾难事件：
  • 俄罗斯热浪和大火：2010年夏天的热浪以及森林大火造成的空气污染，使得莫斯科的每天死亡人数倍增到700人。（俄罗斯科学院〔Russian Academy of Sciences〕）莫斯科市政府官员宣称在过去的这个夏季，死亡率增加了60%，将近11,000个居民由于烟雾过量和创纪录的高温影响而丧生。
  • 巴基斯坦洪灾：该国历史上最严重的大洪水，导致两千多人死亡，两千多万人受伤或无家可归，五分之一的国土泡在水中。
  • 中国土石流：全国各地发生水灾和土石流，单单在 2010这一年，即造成超过3,100人死亡，一千多人失踪。自 1950年以来，洪水在中国增加了7倍。  
  • 巴西在2010年4月和6月，也发生了极端严重的水灾，每次皆有数百人死亡。
  • 波兰在2010年5 月，遭受了几十年来最严重的水灾。
  • 2010年夏天，森林大火肆虐葡萄牙，这是受到低湿度、强风和摄氏40度的创纪录高温所引发。
  • 2010年在乍得和尼日尔尔尔尔尔利亚，干旱和洪水接连发生，洗劫了旱灾过后已所剩无几的粮食作物。
  • 2010年，印度、北欧、北美和南美遭受极端酷寒和暴风雪。
  • 2010年，印尼、冰岛、土耳其、智利、海地等国因许多地震和火山爆发而陷入混乱。
  • 全球暖化可能会导致像冰岛的埃亚菲亚德拉火山（Eyjafjallajökull）这类有冰层覆盖的火山更容易爆发，因为冰层融化会造成地表下的热岩石压力释放出来。（皇家学会哲学会刊A辑，2010年）
  • 在过去10年来，由于全球暖化，高山地区发生土石流和山崩的频率增加了。火山越来越可能崩解，所造成的大型土石流可能会将城市掩埋掉。 （牛津大学火山学家大卫‧派尔〔David Pyle〕、伦敦大学学院比尔‧麦克基尔（Bill McGuire）、英国艾希特大学瑞丘‧洛韦〔Rachel Lowe〕）
  • 由于冰川湖泊融化的数量和规模增长，导致溃堤造成洪水的情形不断增加。（加德满都的国际山区整合发展中心〔ICIMOD〕，2010年）
森林锐减
  • 非洲森林在2000年至2010年间遭受了史上第2高的年净损失，每年惊人地消失340万公顷森林。
  • 森林砍伐导致的温室气体排放约占总量的20%。
  • 随着气候暖化，树木吸收二氧化碳就越少；森林的树木和土壤甚至开始释放大量的二氧化碳。（《美国国家科学院院刊》〔Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences〕，2003年。芬兰环境协会〔Finnish Environment Institute〕，2010年）森林在每次大火中确实已释放出巨量的二氧化碳。
  • 随着全球暖化，使得森林转变成碳排者，大批树皮甲虫在北美森林出没，并正在蔓延当中。（《自然》〔Nature〕杂志，2008年）
冰：北极和南极暖化
  • 在北极大气中的甲烷急遽上升，在5年内增加了33 %。 （爱丁堡大学科学家保罗‧帕玛〔Paul Palmer〕，2010年） 西伯利亚永冻层融化释出的甲烷，是先前认为的5 倍。（凯蒂‧沃尔特博士〔Katie Walter〕，2006年）东西伯利亚北极大陆架的海底浅层永冻土也呈现出不稳定情况，并释放出大量的甲烷。（国际西伯利亚陆棚研究〔ISSS〕主任暨美国费尔班阿拉斯加大学教授艾格‧塞米尔托夫〔Igor Semiletov〕，2010年）北极冻原正在释出的甲烷和氧化亚氮，比之前所估计的高出很多。（加拿大卑诗大学葛雷格‧亨利教授〔Greg Henry〕）一些科学家将融冰中的北极称为「定时炸弹」。
  • 今年夏天，北极海冰面积缩小到史上第3低纪录，面积萎缩最严重的3次都发生在过去4年内。（美国国家冰雪资料中心〔NSIDC〕2010 年度报告）


  • 在目前的暖化情况下，北极不太可能回复以往的状态。（美国国家海洋和大气管理局2010年更新的北极报告）
  • 2009至2010年冬季，北极暖化为北美东部和欧亚大陆东部带来了酷寒的冷风和暴风雪。 （美国国家海洋和大气管理局太平洋海洋环境实验室〔Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory〕詹姆士‧奥弗兰博士〔James Overland〕，2010年）
  • 整体暖化造成现在北极每年融冰期比30 年前延长了20 天，这表示更多的热气会被北极海吸收，对海洋生态系统和北美气候造成很大的冲击。  （美国太空总署，2010年）
  • 由于冰层逐渐消失，极地探险者首次能够以玻璃纤维小船进行环绕北极之旅；在10年前，因为水道被冰封住，若没有破冰船根本办不到。 （挪威极地探险家布尔格‧奥斯兰〔Borge Ousland〕，其航程从2010年6月开始。）
  • 北极暖化的速度是地球上任何其他地方的2倍。
  • 2007年，北极海冰覆盖面积创下最低纪录，使得西北航道得以首次通航。目前只有10%是形成较久的厚冰层，而90%以上都是新近形成的薄冰。科学家们预估最快在2012年或2013年的夏天，北极将会呈现无冰状态。
  • 没有具保护性的冰层来反射阳光，90%的太阳热能会进入开放的海洋，而加速全球暖化。
  • 世界上2个主要的冰原——格陵兰岛和南极洲，正加速融解当中，然而在2000年以前，大家都认为它们是很稳定的。
  • 事实上，格陵兰岛正遭受至少50年来最严重的冰层融化和冰河的消失。 （美国国家海洋和大气管理局2010年更新的北极报告）  冰河最近以2倍或3倍速度向海洋移动。（美国华盛顿大学伊昂‧乔金〔Ian Joughin〕，2010年）  因冰山崩塌造成的「冰震」，自 1993年以来增加了2倍多。（美国哥伦比亚大学乔兰‧艾克斯琼〔Göran Ekström〕和马里帝斯‧尼托尔斯〔Meredith Nettles〕，2010年）格陵兰冰原可能完全融化，而导致海平面上升7米。
  • 格陵兰冰原因融化的冰水而更加速融化，可能在几十年内即瓦解，而不是如以前预测的需时几百年。 （美国科罗拉多州环境科学合作研究所〔CIRES〕）
  • 2010年8月5日，格陵兰彼得曼冰川（Petermann Glacier）的四分之一崩离了，其面积是纽约曼哈顿岛的4 倍，成为近半世纪以来最大的冰屿。 德拉瓦大学安德烈亚斯 ‧穆恩乔教授（Andreas Muenchow）表示：「这个冰屿所贮存的淡水量，足以让德拉瓦河（Delware River）或哈德逊河（Hudson River）奔流不绝，为时2年以上。」
  • 在南极半岛，99%浓度的甲烷气体持续在某些地区的水面上冒出气泡来。（阿根廷地质学家鲁道夫‧德尔‧巴列博士〔Rodolfo del Valle〕）
  • 在2009年发表的一份主要评论报告发现，特别是南极半岛西部的冰架，由于下方的温暖水流所致，正以空前的速度加速退缩当中。   
  • 南极半岛西部的威尔金斯冰架（Wilkins Ice Shelf）在2008年解体了。 2002年，已有 12,000年历史的拉尔森B（Larsen B）巨大冰架在短短3星期内就完全瓦解。
冰：冰河融化
  • 位于青藏高原和喜马拉雅山地区的「第3极」是继北极和南极之后的全球第3大储冰区，已有超过46,000条冰河和大片的永冻层正在迅速融化中。该地区素有「亚洲水塔」之称，其冰河退缩可能会影响到10个国家超过15亿的人口。 （由中国科学院主导的第3极环境计划，2010年）
  • 随着玻利维亚有18,000年历史的恰卡塔雅冰河（Chacaltaya Glacier）的消失，其他南美安地斯山脉的冰河也可能在几十年内消失。
  • 吉尔吉斯的冰河正以3倍于1950年代的速度消退当中，每年消退幅度高达50米。到了本世纪末，95%的冰河都可能消失。 （吉尔吉斯比斯凯克市，国家科学院水能量协会）
  • 非洲的吉力马札罗山自1920年以来，已失去85%的冰河覆盖面，并可能在20年内完全失去。（《美国国家科学院院刊》，2009年）美国的冰河国家公园到了2020年就会完全没有冰河，比先前预估的早了10年。（美国地质调查局〔U.S. Geological Survey〕，2009年）
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  52. Arctic Ice Especially Thin This Spring, Scientists Say (2009, April 7). Associated Press [AP]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  54. McDermott, M. (2010, February 8). Arctic Melting Triple Threat: Less Winter Ice Means More Summer Melt, It’s All Happening Faster Than Thought + It’s Going to Cost Us... Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/02/arctic-melting-happening-faster-than-expected.php
  55. Arctic Sea Ice Continues to Decline, Arctic Temperatures Continue to Rise In 2005 (2005, September 28). NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/arcticice_decline.html
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  59. ibid.
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    http://canadianclimateaction.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/methane-bubbling-off-the-antarctic-
    peninsula-hello-paleocene-eocene-thermal-maximum    /
  66. Lamont-Doherty (2010, June 20). New research sheds light on Antarctica’s melting Pine Island Glacier. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news196255601.html
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  71. Qiu, J. (2010, November 10). Measuring the meltdown. Nature [Electronic version] 468, 141-142. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  72. Casassa, G. (2010).South American glaciers on the retreat. UNEP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  74. Stracansky P., (2010, November 13). Fast Melting Glaciers Threaten Biodiversity. Inter Press Service [IPS] / International Federation of Environmental Journalists [IFEJ] / UNEP/ CBD. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53552
  75. Hance, J. (2009, November 2). Goodbye, snows of Kilimanjaro. An article on Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [PNAS] report. mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/1102-hance_kilimanjaro.html
  76. Romm, J. (2009, March 3). Another climate impact coming faster than predicted: Glacier National Park to go glacier-free a decade early. An article on US Geological Survey report. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://climateprogress.org/2009/03/03/global-warming-impact-faster-than-predicted-glacier-national-
    park-decade-early-2020-2030/
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