畜牧业对环境的冲击
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丧失生物多样性
  • 畜牧业所造成的破坯，威胁全球动植物的生存。如果全世界都改采蔬食的生活方式，可防止60%生物多样性的丧失。
    （《慎思全球生物多样性策略》〔Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies〕，荷兰环境评估委员会〔Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency〕，2010年）
  • 举例来说，蒙古82%的国土面积被规划为永久放牧地，这是造成蒙古和整个中亚丧失生物多样性的最大威胁。 （联合国粮食及农业组织〔FAO〕）
滥垦滥伐

  • 畜养动物是伐林的主因之一。（联合国粮食及农业组织，2006年）
  • 自1990年代至今，亚马逊地区的伐林，约90%是为了开垦土地用来牧牛或种植饲料。
  • 这20年来，澳洲的树林砍伐，91%是为了当作牧场。 （近日昆士兰州政府委托环境暨资源管理局前首席科学家杰瑞德‧毕夏普先生〔Gerard Bisshop〕所做的20年研究报告）

土地沙漠化

  • 过度放牧和不断扩大饲料种植面积，造成土地沙漠化。（《联合国防治沙漠化公约》〔UNCCD〕主题专案3：干燥地区的牧地管理及沙丘固定，2003年） 畜牧业造成全球逾50%的土壤遭受侵蚀，导致土地沙漠化。
  • 农业管理不善、气候变迁和放牧活动，造成每年约750亿吨表土受侵蚀。单单在美国，就有54%的牧地被过度放牧，每公顷土地每年损失100吨以上的表土。
    （最近在澳洲新南威尔斯州举行的碳耕会议上，约翰‧克劳馥教授〔John Crawford〕提出的研究报告）
  • 2010年，伊拉克、中国、乍得、澳洲、蒙古和其他国家发生严重干旱，而放牧动物让旱情更加严重。        
传播疾病

  • 所有的人类传染病中，65%以上是由动物传染的。工厂化养殖场肮脏且不人道的环境滋生致命细菌和病毒，例如禽流感和猪流感。
  • 肉食引起的疾病还包括结核病、李斯特菌症、克隆氏症、狂牛症、曲状杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、口蹄疫、爱滋病，和中国在2009年爆发的肺鼠疫等等。
  • 工厂化养殖场定期对动物施用抗生素，造成细菌突变，导致病原产生抗药性。
温室气体排放

  • 温室气体排放
    • 畜牧业和其副产品的温室气体排放量占全球总排放量的51%以上。（古德兰〔Goodland〕和安亨〔Anhang〕，2009年）
  • 燃烧石化燃料时与二氧化碳同时释出的气溶胶或微粒，虽然有害健康，却能抵销二氧化碳产生的暖化效应，有降温的效果。因此在短期内，畜牧业的排放对全球暖化占有举足轻重的影响。（莫尔〔Mohr〕，2009年）
  • 以20年为期，甲烷的暖化效应约比二氧化碳强100倍，但在大气中消散的速度，比起滞留期长达数百年至千年的二氧化碳要快得多。人为排放甲烷的最大来源就是畜牧业。
  • 畜牧养殖动物的甲烷排放量被低估了。美国密苏里大学的研究员重新计算的结果指出，酪农场和养猪场的排泄物所产生的甲烷，比原先估计的多了65%。
  • 除了二氧化碳和甲烷，地面（对流层）臭氧是第3普遍的温室气体。以地区性来看，发酵的动物饲料比车辆排放更多有害的臭氧。
  • 黑碳的暖化效应是二氧化碳的4,470倍，主要源自焚烧树林和草原畜养动物。北极地区气温上升和各地冰川融解，有一半是黑碳造成的。黑碳只会滞留在大气中数天至数星期，因此减少黑碳排放可以在近期内快速缓解暖化情况。（《自然地球科学》〔Nature Geoscience〕期刊）
  • 温室气体氧化亚氮的暖化效应约是二氧化碳的300倍。全球的氧化亚氮排放量，有65%是来自畜牧业。 
占用土地

  • 全球70%的农地、30%无冰的地表面积用于畜牧业。（《牲畜的巨大阴影》〔Livestock’s Long Shadow〕，联合国粮食及农业组织，2006年）
海洋衰竭
  • 畜牧业是最大宗的营养物污染源，造成毒藻丛生、耗尽氧气，形成无法支持海洋生物生长的死亡海域。（《牲畜的巨大阴影》，联合国粮食及农业组织，2006年）
  • 过度捕捞是海洋里90%的大型鱼类消失的主因。（《自然》〔Nature〕杂志，达浩斯大学迈尔斯〔Myers〕和沃姆〔Worm〕的研究报告，2003年5月13日）
  • 全球消耗的鱼类和贝类，有一半是用在养殖渔业，致使野生鱼类濒临绝种。（《美国国家科学院院刊》〔Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences〕，2009年）
  • 举例来说，要用掉5磅野生的鱼才能养殖出1磅的鮭鱼。（史丹福大学伍兹环境研究所与国际问题研究所纳莱〔Naylor〕的研究报告）
  • 全球捕捞的渔获量，有叁分之一至一半是用于喂养牲畜（猪和鸡）。（海洋守护协会〔Sea Shepherd〕的年度环境与资源评估报告）
制造污染
  • 肉品业是最大宗的水污染源。大量未经处理过的动物排泄物、化肥、杀虫剂、抗生素和其他与畜牧业有关的污染物堵塞水道。
  • 畜牧业排放的氨气占全球总量的64%，不仅造成酸雨，还会产生硫化氢这种致命气体。
  • 1座工厂化动物养殖场制造的排泄物和污染，多于美国德州休士顿整个城市。
  • 1996年，美国的牛、猪和家禽养殖业制造14亿吨动物排泄物，是全球人类排泄物的130倍。
  • 粪肥是地下水污染和大气暖化的主因。单单在美国沿海一带，粪肥和其他作物肥料的迳流约形成230处缺乏氧气的死亡海域。
  • 举例来说，动物养殖场迳流在墨西哥湾造成世上最大的死亡海域之一，目前面积已达8,000平方英里。2010年2月，巴西罗德里戈湖（Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon）爆发80吨鱼类窒息死亡的事件。
  • 养殖渔业所产生的毒藻，以及使用杀虫剂和抗生素等化学物质，都会污染环境。（世界自然基金会〔WWF〕）
耗费大量资源
  • 燃料。1个6盎司的牛排所需要的石化燃料能源，是1份含3种蔬菜和米饭的纯素餐点的16倍。（《纽约时报》）
  • 生产1公斤牛肉，相当于驾驶250公里及1个100瓦的灯泡连续照明20天。（日本国立家畜与草原科学研究所）
  • 排放。肉类饮食的碳排放量相当于1部汽车行驶4,758公里，而有机纯素饮食仅相当于281公里，前者是后者的17倍。换句话说，有机纯素饮食的碳排放量比肉类饮食少了94%。（德国生态经济研究协会〔Institute for Ecological Economy Research〕）
  • 土地。1个肉食者需要2公顷（4英亩）的土地来供给食物。但同样大小的土地，却可供给80个采行健康生活方式的纯素食者。
  • 食物。目前有80%饥饿的孩童所处的国家将粮食出口去喂养牲畜。
  • 美国叁分之二出口的谷物是用来喂养牲畜而不是人类。
  • 印度的一项研究发现，生产1公斤的牛肉，需要7公斤可直接供人类食用的谷物作饲料，而产出的蛋白质却不到叁分之一。
  • 全球谷物大约有40%是给牲畜食用，全球富含蛋白质的大豆有85%是用来喂养牛只和其他动物。
  • 水。1个肉食者每天耗费的水高达15,000公升，是纯素食者的15倍。
水资源匮乏

  • 根据斯德哥尔摩国际水资源研究所（Stockholm International Water Institute）的调查，农业用水占总用水量的70%，其中大部分用在生产肉类。
  • 生产1公斤牛肉需要20万公升的水，但生产1公斤大豆、小麦、玉米，分别只需2,000公升、900公升、650公升的水。（《水资源、农业与环境》〔Water Resources, Agriculture, and the Environment〕，皮门特尔、伯格、菲利伯托等人〔Pimentel D, Berger B, Filiberto D〕，2004年）
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