ES: PEMANASAN KUTUB UTARA DAN SELATAN
- Metana di atmosfer Kutub Utara telah meningkat dengan tajam, sebanyak 33% hanya dalam 5 tahun.(Paul Palmer, a scientist at Edinburgh University, 2010)Tanah es yang mencair di Siberia melepaskan lima kali jumlah metana dari yang sebelumnya diperkirakan. (Dr. Katie Walter, 2006)Permafrost dangkal bawah laut Beting Kutub Utara Siberia Timurjuga menunjukkan ketidakstabilan dan melepaskan metana dengan jumlah yang signifikan. (Professor Igor Semiletov, head of the International Siberian Shelf Study (ISSS), University of Alaska at Fairbanks, USA, 2010) Padang rumput Kutub Utara secara signifikan sudah mengeluarkan lebih banyak metana dan dinitrogen oksida dari perkiraan sebelumnya. (Prof. Greg Henry, University of British Columbia) Beberapa ilmuwan menamai pencairan Kutub Utara sebuah “bom waktu yang berdetak.”
- Luas Es Laut Kutub Utara pada musim panas tahun ini adalah yang terkecil ketiga dalam catatan, dengan tiga kejadian luas es paling kecil terjadi dalam empat tahun terakhir.(Laporan tahunan Pusat Data Es dan Salju Nasional [NSIDC], 2010))
- Pemanasan sekarang membuat tidak mungkin bagi Kutub Utara untuk kembali pada kondisi sebelumnya.(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Arctic Report Card 2010 Update, USA)
- Pada musim dingin 2009-2010, pemanasan Kutub Utara membawa angin dingin dan salju lebat dengan hebat ke Amerika Utara dan Eurasia timur.(Dr. James Overland of the NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA, 2010)
- Pemanasan keseluruhan telah memperpanjang periode pencairan tahunan laut es Kutub Utara sampai 20 hari lebih panjang sekarang daripada tiga dekade yang lalu, artinya lebih banyak panas bisa diserap oleh laut Kutub Utara, dan berdampak besar pada ekosistem laut dan iklim Amerika Utara. (NASA 2010)
- Karena es yang menghilang, penjelajah kutub pertama kalinya dapat bertualang mengelilingi Kutub Utara dalam sebuah perahu layar serat kaca kecil, sebuah prestasi yang tidak mungkin dilakukan bahkan 10 tahun yang lalu tanpa kapal pemecah-es karena jalannya tertutup oleh es.(Norwegian polar explorer Borge Ousland, voyage started in June 2010)
- Kutub Utara memanas dua kali lebih cepat dibanding tempat lain di Bumi.
- Tutupan laut es Kutub Utara tahun 2007 adalah yang terendah dalam catatan dan Lintasan Barat Laut pertama kalinya dapat dilayari.76 Hanya 10% sekarang adalah es yang lebih tua dan tebal, sementara lebih dari 90% baru terbentuk dan tipis.77 Para ilmuwan meramalkan musim panas akan membuatnya tanpa es segera setelah tahun 2012 atau 2013.
- Tanpa es yang melindungi untuk memantulkan sinar matahari, 90% dari panas matahari dapat memasuki air terbuka, sehingga mempercepat pemanasan global.
- Dua lapisan es besar dunia, Greenland dan Kutub Selatan,sekarang mencair dengan kecepatan yang meningkat, sebelum tahun 2000 lapisan es itu dianggap stabil.
- Greenland sedang mengalami pencairan es dan hilangnya daerah sungai es yang terburuk selama sedikitnya lima dekade terakhir.(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Arctic Report Card 2010 Update, USA) Baru-baru ini gerakan gletser menuju laut telah menjadi dua atau tiga kali lipat lebih cepat. (Ian Joughin, University of Washington , 2010)“Gempa es” disebabkan oleh gunung es yang pecah telah terjadi tiga kali lipat lebih banyak sejak tahun 1993.(Göran Ekström and Meredith Nettles, Columbia University, USA, 2010) Yang mungkin terjadi: hilangnya seluruh lapisan es Greenland akan menghasilkan kenaikan permukaan laut setinggi 7 meter.
- Air yang mencair mempercepat pencairan Lapisan Es Greenland yang dapat menyebabkan kehancurannya selama beberapa dekade alih-alih selama beberapa abad, seperti yang sebelumnya diramalkan.(Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) in Colorado, USA)
- Tanggal 5 Agustus 2010, satu-perempat dari Gletser Petermann Greenland, empat kali ukuran dari Pulau Manhattan New York dan yang terbesar selama hampir setengah abad, pecah.“Air segar yang tersimpan di dalam pulau es ini dapat membuat sungai Delaware atau Hudson mengalir selama lebih dari dua tahun,” kata Profesor Andreas Muenchow dari Universitas Delaware.
- Di Semenanjung Kutub Selatan, 99% gas metana telah terlihat terus-menerus bergelembung keluar dari permukaan laut di daerah-daerah tertentu.(Argentine geologist Dr. Rodolfo del Valle)
- Ulasan utama yang diterbitkan tahun 2009 menemukan bahwa beting esKutub Selatanyang khususnya ada di Semenanjung Bagian Barat mundur dengan kecepatan yang terus meningkat, dipercepat oleh memanasnya air di bawah beting tersebut.
- Selama tahun 2008, Beting Es Wilkins di Semenanjung Kutub Selatan Bagian Barat hancur.95 Tahun 2002, Beitng Es Larsen B berusia 12.000-tahun yang besar hanya membutuhkan waktu tiga minggu untuk hancur seluruhnya.
ES: MENCAIRNYA GLETSER
- Lebih dari 46.000 gletser dan permafrost mencair dengan cepat di “Kutub Ketiga,” simpanan es terbesar Bumi ke-3 setelah Kutub Utara dan Kutub Selatan, berlokasi di dataran tinggi Tibet dan Himalaya. Dikenal sebagai “menara air Asia,” mundurnya gletser di daerah tersebut dapat mempengaruhi lebih dari 1,5 miliar orang di 10 negara.(Third Pole Environment program led by Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2010)
- Dengan Gletser Chacaltaya Bolivia yang berumur 18.000 tahun sudah hilang, gletser Andes Amerika Selatan lainnya dapat menghilang dalam beberapa dekade.
- Gletser-gletser Kyrgyzstan menyurut 3 kali lebih cepat daripada laju tahun 1950-an, atau sebanyak 50 meter setiap tahun. 95% gletser-gletsernya dapat menghilang pada akhir abad ini.(Institute of Hydro Energy at the National Academy of Sciences in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan)
- Gunung Kilimanjaro Afrika telah kehilangan 85% lapisan gletsernya sejak tahun 1912 dan dapat hilang sepenuhnya dalam 20 tahun.(Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 2009)
Taman Nasional Gletser AS akan menjadi bebas-gletser pada tahun 2020, 10 tahun lebih awal dari ramalan sebelumnya.(US Geological Survey, 2009)
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