Livestock Industry Environmental Impacts
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BIODIVERSITY LOSS
  • The damage caused by livestock production threatens flora and fauna across the globe. A worldwide no-meat lifestyle is calculated to prevent over 60% biodiversity loss.1 (Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2010)
  • Example: In Mongolia, 82% of the total land area is designated as permanent pasture for livestock grazing, which is the largest single threat to biodiversity loss in Mongolia and throughout Central Asia.2,3 (UN FAO)
DEFORESTATION
  • Livestock raising is one of the main drivers of deforestation.4 (UN FAO, 2006)
  • Since the 1990s approximately 90% of Amazonian deforestation has been due to clearing land for grazing cattle or growing feed for livestock.5
  • In Australia, 91% of all tree clearing over a 20-year period has been done for livestock grazing.6 (recent report on a 20-year study commissioned by the Queensland government by Mr. Gerald Bisshop, retired principal scientist of the Queensland Department of Environment and Resources Management)
DESERTIFICATION
  • Desertification is caused by overgrazing and expansion of livestock crop-rowing areas.7 (TPN3 Rangeland Management in Arid Areas including the fixation of sand dunes, UNCCD, 2003)
  • Over 50% of the world’s soil erosion is caused by livestock, which leads to desertification.8
  • Some 75 billion tons of topsoil are being eroded annually due to agricultural mismanagement, climate change, and livestock grazing. In the United States alone, 54% of pasture land is overgrazed, with more than 100 tons of topsoil lost per hectare per year.9 (A study presented by Professor John Crawford at the recent Carbon Farming Conference held in New South Wales, Australia)
  • In 2010, Iraq, China, Chad, Australia, and Mongolia, among others, reported serious drought, with livestock grazing making conditions worse.        
DISEASE
  • Over 65% of human infectious diseases are known to be transmitted by animals.10   The filthy and inhumane conditions of factory farming harbor lethal bacteria and viruses such as avian and swine flu.11
  • Other diseases related to meat eating: tuberculosis, listeria, Crohn’s disease, mad cow disease, campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, foot-and-mouth disease, HIV, the 2009 pneumonic plague outbreak in China, etc.
  • Antibiotics regularly administered to livestock on factory farms causes bacteria to mutate, leading to diseases that are medication-resistant.12,13,14
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
  • Livestock and their byproducts are accountable for at least 51% of all greenhouse gas emissions. (Goodland, Anhang, 2009)15
  • Aerosols, or particles released along with CO2 from burning fossil fuels, despite their detrimental health aspects, have a cooling effect that roughly cancels the warming effect of the CO2. Therefore, livestock emissions have played an even larger role in global warming in the near term. (Mohr, 2009)16
  • METHANE is almost 100 times more potent than CO2 over a 5year period,17 but disappears from the atmosphere much more rapidly compared to centuries or millennia for CO2.  The number one source of human-caused methane is animal agriculture.18
  • METHANE emissions from animal farms underestimated.
    Based on recalculations, US researchers from the University of Missouri have concluded that the amount of methane emitted from the waste on dairy and pig farms could be as much as 65% higher than previously estimated.19,20
  • GROUND-LEVEL (TROPOSPHERIC) OZONE is the third most prevalent greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane.21 Fermented animal feed generates harmful ozone gases, and at regional levels higher than those emitted by cars.22,23,24,25
  • BLACK CARBON, (4,470 times more potent than CO2), mainly produced from burning forests and savannahs for livestock, is responsible for 50% of total temperature increases in the Arctic and the acceleration of melting glaciers worldwide. Black carbon remains in the atmosphere for only days or weeks, so reducing emissions can be an effective rapid response to slow warming in the near term. 26(Nature Geoscience)
  • NITROUS OXIDE is a greenhouse gas with approximately 300 times more warming potential than CO2. Sixty-five percent of global nitrous oxide emissions originate from the livestock industry.. 27
;
LAND USE
  • Livestock production accounts for 70% of all agricultural land and 30% of the ice-free land surface on the planet.28 (Livestock’s Long Shadow, UN FAO, 2006)
OCEAN DECLINE
  • The livestock sector is the largest source of nutrient pollution, which causes toxic algal blooms and oxygen depletion, leading to oceanic “dead zones” that are unable to support any aquatic life. 29(Livestock’s Long Shadow, UN FAO, 2006)
  • 90% of all large fish have already disappeared from the oceans, largely as a result of overfishing. 30(Nature Journal, Myers & Worm, Dalhousie Univ, May 15, 2003)
  • Aquaculture (fish farms), accounting for 50% of fish and shellfish consumed globally, is endangering 31wild fish. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009)
  • example: it takes up 5 pounds wild fish to produce 1 pound of salmon.32 (Naylor. Stanford's Woods Institute for the Environment and Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies)
  • One-third to about half the global fish catch is fed to livestock (pigs and chickens).33,34 (Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Sea Shepherd)
POLLUTION
  • Of all sectors, the meat industry is the biggest source of water pollution. Excessive and unregulated animal waste, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, and other livestock-related contaminants choke waterways.35
  • The livestock industry emits 64% of all ammonia, which causes acid rain and hydrogen sulfide, a fatal gas.36,37
  • One animal factory farm produces more waste and pollution than the whole city of Houston, Texas, USA.38
  • In 1996, the US cattle, pork, and poultry industries produced 1.4 billion tons of animal waste, or 130 times more than produced by the entire human population.39
  • Manure is already known to be a major cause of both groundwater pollution and atmospheric warming. Moreover, runoff from manure and other crop fertilizers accounts for some 230 oxygen-depleted dead zones along the US coast alone.40,41
  • Examples: The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico created by farm runoff is one of the world’s largest at up to 8,000 square miles so far.42
  •  A February 2010 outbreak in Brazil’s Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon caused the suffocation and death of 80 tons of fish.43,44
  • Aquaculture pollutes the environment with toxic algae and chemicals such as pesticides and antibiotics. (WWF)45
RESOURCE OVERUSE
  • Fuel. One 6-ounce beef steak requires 16 times as much fossil fuel energy as one vegan meal containing three kinds of vegetables and rice. 46(NYTimes)
  • One kilogram of beef is equivalent to driving 250 kilometers and burning a 100-watt light bulb for 20 days non-stop.47 (National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science in Japan)
  • Emissions. The meat-based diet's emissions is equivalent to driving a car 4,758 kilometers – that is 17 times the emissions of an organic vegan diet, which is equivalent to only 281 kilometers . In other words, an organic vegan diet produces 94% less emissions than a meat-based diet. 48,49 (Institute for Ecological Economy Research in Germany)
  • Land. One meat eater requires two hectares - that’s four acres of land - to support him. But that same two hectares, or four acres of land, could support the healthy lifestyle of 80 vegans.
  • Food. Currently, 80% of hungry children live in countries that export food crops typically to feed farmed animals.50
  • Two-thirds of US grain exports feed livestock rather than people.51
  • One study in India found that producing 1 kilogram of beef requires 7 kilograms of grain for feed that could go to direct human consumption, 52,53 while yielding less than one-third the amount of protein.54
  • About 40% of the global grain supply is going to livestock,55 and 85% of the world’s protein-rich soy is being fed to cattle and other animals.56
  • Water. A person uses up to 15,000 liters of water per day for a meat-based diet,  which is 15 times as much water as a vegan would use.57,58
WATER SHORTAGE
  • According to the Stockholm International Water Institute, agriculture accounts for 70% of all water use, most of which goes toward meat production.59
  • It takes up to 200,000 liters of water to produce 1 kilogram of beef, but only 2,000 liters to produce 1 kilogram of soybeans, 900 liters to grow 1 kilogram of wheat, and 650 liters for 1 kilogram of corn. 60 (Pimentel D, Berger B, Filiberto D, et al. (2004) Water Resources, Agriculture, and the Environment)
Referensi
  1. Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies (2010), p 81. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/500197001.pdf
  2. Kohn, M. (2009, July 26). UN chief in Mongolia to highlight climate change. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHAMNZpU6UTXfenBraBdrD9Q5IfQ
  3. Rosales, M., Livinets, S. (2010, july). Grazing and Land Degradation in CIS Countries and Mongolia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/lead/pdf/e-conf_05-06_background.pdf
  4. Rearing cattle produces more greenhouse gases than driving cars, UN report warns (2006 November 29). UN FAO. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from UN News Centre website http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772&CR1=warning
  5. Margulis, S. (2004). Cover of: Causes of deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon by Sérgio Margulis. Causes of deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://openlibrary.org/books/OL15445748M/Causes_of_deforestation_of_the_Brazilian_Amazon
  6. Land cover change in Queensland 2007–08: a Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) Report. (2009, October). Department of Environment and Resource Management, Brisbane. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/slats/report.html
  7. TPN3 Rangeland Management in Arid Areas including the fixation of sand dunes. (2003, October 24). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification [UNCCD]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.unccd.int/actionprogrammes/asia/regional/tpn3/background.php
  8. Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., de Haan, C. (2006). Livestock’s Long Shadow, p 73. FAO. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.afpf-asso.org/afpf/vie/vie/images/FAO-Livestock-Environment.pdf
  9. Hough, A. (2010, February 3). Britain facing food crisis as world’s soil ‘vanishes in 60 years’. An article on a study presented by Professor John Crawford at the recent Carbon Farming Conference held in New South Wales, Australia. The Telegraph. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/agriculture/farming/6828878/Britain-facing-food-crisis-as-worlds-soil-vanishes-in-60-years.html
  10. Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases (2009, September 22). Institute of Medicine of The National Academy of Sciences.Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://iom.edu/Reports/2009/ZoonoticDisease.aspx
  11. Kathy Freston, K. (2010, January 5). Flu Season: Factory Farming Could Cause A Catastrophic Pandemic. The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kathy-freston/flu-season-factory-farmin_b_410941.html
  12. Ries, B. (2010, February 23). New study shows factory farms breed mutated superbugs with antibiotic feed. The Daily Loaf. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://blogs.creativeloafing.com/dailyloaf/2010/02/23/new-study-shows-factory-farms-breed-mutated-superbugs-antibiotic-feed/
  13. Kohanski, M.A., DePristo, M.A. and Collins, J.J. (2010, January 3). Sublethal Antibiotic Treatment Leads to Multidrug Resistance via Radical-Induced Mutagenesis. ScienceDirect. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/fulltext/S1097-2765%2810%2900028-6
  14. Keim, B. (2010, February 11). Antibiotics Breed Superbugs Faster Than Expected. Wired. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/02/mutagen-antibiotics/
  15. Goodland, R. and Anhang, J. (2009, December) : Livestock and Climate Change. World Watch Institute. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6294
  16. Mohr, N. (2005, August). A New Global Warming Strategy: How Environmentalists are Overlooking Vegetarianism as the Most Effective Tool Against Climate Change in Our Lifetimes. EarthSave. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.earthsave.org/globalwarming.htm
  17. Shindell, D.T., Faluvegi, G., Koch, D.M., Schmidt, G.A., Unger, U. and Bauer, S.E. (2009, October 30). Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions. Science 326, 716-178.
  18. Ruminant Livestock. (2006, March 8). U.S. EPA. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.epa.gov/rlep
  19. American Society of Agronomy (2010, June 24). Scientists question EPA estimates of greenhouse gas emissions. PHYSORG.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news196618186.html
  20. Scientists Question EPA Estimates Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2010, June 25). Redorbit. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1884745/scientists_question
    _epa_estimates_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions/


  21. Greenhouse Gases FAQ (2010, February 23). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/gases.html
  22. Ziggers, D. (2009, July 13). Fermented corn, a superior and storable animal feed. Feed Technology. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.grainpro.com/pdf/PU2043PV0709%20-%20Fermented%20Corn%20for%20Animal%20Food.pdf
  23. Quinn, P.K. (2008, March 25). Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies. University of Washington. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~sgw/PAPERS/2008_Quinn.pdf
  24. American Chemical Society (2010, April 21). Animal feed worse than traffic for San Joaquin Valley smog. PHYSORG.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news191076164.html
  25. Pomerance, R. (2009, January 28). The Urgency of Methane Reduction: The Arctic Drama. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://methanetomarkets.org/documents/events_steer_20090127_plenary_pomerance.pdf
  26. Bice, K., Eil, A., Habib, B., Heijmans, P., Kopp, R., Nogues, J., et al. (2009, January). Black Carbon A Review and Policy Recommendation. Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public & Internal Affairs. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://wws.princeton.edu/research/PWReports/F08/wws591e.pdf
  27. Rearing cattle produces more greenhouse gases than driving cars, UN report warns. (2006). FAO. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from UN News Centre
    http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772&CR1=warning
  28. Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., de Haan, C. (2006). Livestock’s Long Shadow, p xxi. FAO. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf
  29. ibid, p xxii.
  30. Big-Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says (2003, May 15). National Geographic News. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0515_030515_fishdecline.html
  31. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [PNAS] (2009, September 8). Half Of Fish Consumed Globally Is Now Raised On Farms, Study Finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090907162320.htm
  32. Holloway, M. (2002, September). Blue Revolution. Discover. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://discovermagazine.com/2002/sep/featblue
  33. Hance, J. (2008, October 30). One-third of global marine catch used as livestock feed. An article on the Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2008/1030-hance_fish.html
  34. Watson, P. (2008, June 2). The Costliest Catch. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-080602-1.html
  35. Biodiversity (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Sustainable Table website http://www.sustainabletable.org/issues/biodiversity/
  36. ibid 33, p xxi.
  37. Facts about Pollution from Livestock Farms (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Natural Resources Defense Council website
    http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/ffarms.asp
  38. Shapley, D. (2008, September 24). One Farm. More Pollution Than Houston, Texas. The Daily Green. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.thedailygreen.com/healthy-eating/eat-safe/factory-farms-47092401
  39. Humane Farming Association [HFA] (2010). Factory Farming: The True Costs. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.all-creatures.org/articles/ar-factoryfarming.html
  40. Fahrenthold, D.A. (2010, March 1). Manure becomes pollutant as its volume grows unmanageable. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/28/AR2010022803978.html
  41. Dumping on manure, chemical fertilizer (2010, March 1). The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/features/green/2010/03/pick_your_water_poison_animal.html
  42. Bruckner, M. (2010). The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone. Carleton College, Sience Education Resource Center. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone/
  43. 40 tons of dead fish removed off Brazilian coast. (2010. February 28). Thaindian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/40-tons-of-dead-fish-removed-off-brazilian-coast_100327856.html
  44. The pollution of Rio (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.riodetails.com/the-pollution-of-rio/
  45. Aquaculture problems: Pollution (n.d.). World Wide Fund for Nature [WWF]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/aquaculture/pollution/
  46. Eshel, G. and Martin, P. (2005, May). Diet, Energy and Global Warming. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/01/27/weekinreview/20080127_BITTMAN1
    _GRAPHIC.html?ref=weekinreview

  47. Bittman, M. (2008, January 27). Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler. An article on National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science in Japan study. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/weekinreview/27bittman.html
  48. Going Veggie Can Slash Your Carbon Footprint: Study (2008, October). EarthSave 19(5). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.earthsave.org/news/goingveggie.htm
  49. Organic: A Climate Saviour? p x. (2008, August). Foodwatch. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.foodwatch.de/foodwatch/content/e6380/e24459/e24474/foodwatch_report_on_the
    _greenhouse_effect_of_farming_05_2009_ger.pdf

  50. Rifkin, J. (n.d.). Feed the World, Why eating meat is a major cause of world hunger - and going vegetarian is a solution. Viva! Guides. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.viva.org.uk/guides/feedtheworld.htm
  51. Bjonnes, R. (1996, October). Food Versus Feed. People’s News Agency. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.prout.org/pna/foodvsfeed.html
  52. Brown, L.R. (2006). Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. The Earth Policy Institute. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.earth-policy.org/books/pb2/pb2ch9_ss4
  53. Brown, L.R. (2009). Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization. The Earth Policy Institute. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.think2100.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=127
  54. Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., de Haan, C. (2006). Livestock’s Long Shadow, p 270. FAO. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.afpf-asso.org/afpf/vie/vie/images/FAO-Livestock-Environment.pdf
  55. Livestock impacts (n.d.). WWF. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/changing_the_way_we_live/food/livestock_impacts.cfm
  56. Facts about soy production and the Basel Criteria (n.d.). WWF. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://assets.panda.org/downloads/factsheet_soy_eng.pdf
  57. Rijsberman, F.R. (2008, September). Every Last Drop, Managing our way out of the water crisis. Boston Review. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://bostonreview.net/BR33.5/rijsberman.php
  58. Joshipura, P. (2010, April 22). This Earth Day, go vegan. The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/apr/22/earth-day-vegan
  59. Statistics (2011). Stockholm International Water Institute. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.siwi.org/sa/node.asp?node=159
  60. Pimentel, D., Berger, B., Filiberto, D., Newton, M., Wolfe, B., Karabinakis, E. et al. (2004, October). Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues. BioScience [Electronic version] 54(10), 913. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://webpub.allegheny.edu/employee/t/tbensel/FSENV201S2010/Ag_Readings/Water%20Resources%20-%20Agricultural%20and%20Environmental%20Issues.pdf
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