HIELO: CALENTAMIENTO ÁRTICO & ANTÁRTICO
- El metano atmosférico en el Ártico se ha disparado inmensamente, aumentando un 33% en solo 5 años. 35(Paul Palmer, un científico de la Universidad Edimburgo, 2010) El derretimiento del permafrost en Siberia está liberando cinco veces más la cantidad de metano de lo previamente pensado.36 (Dr. Katie Walter, 2006)
- El profundo permafrost bajo el mar de la Capa Ártica del Este Siberiano también está mostrando inestabilidad y liberación de importantes cantidades de metano.37 (Profesor Igor Semiletov, jefe del Estudio de Capa Siberiana Internacional (ISSS), Universidad de Alaska en Fairbanks, EEUU, 2010)
- La tundra Ártica ya está emitiendo significativamente más metano y óxido nitroso que lo previamente estimado. 38(Prof. Greg Henry, Universidad de British Columbia)
- Algunos científicos están llamando el derretimiento del Ártico una "bomba de tiempo.” 39,40,41
- El hielo del mar Ártico de este verano se ubicó en su tercera área más pequeña registrada, con todos los mayores eventos de encogimiento del área ocurridos en los últimos cuatro años.42(Centro Nacional de Datos de Hielo y Nieve de EEUU (NSIDC), 2010 reporte anual)
- El actual calentamiento hace improbable que el Ártico regrese a sus condiciones previas. 43(Actualización de la Tarjeta de Reporte Ártico 2010 de la Administración Atmosférica y Oceánica Nacional (AAON), EEUU)
- En invierno 2009-2010, el calentamiento del Árctico trajo severos vientos fríos y fuerte nevada en el este de Norteamérica y el este de Eurasia. 44,45,46,47(Dr. James Overland del Laboratorio Ambiental Marino del Pacífico/AAON, EEUU, 2010)
- El calentamiento en general ha extendido el periodo máximo de derretimiento para el hielo del mar Ártico 20 días más ahora que hace tres décadas, lo que quiere decir es que más calor puedes ser absorvido por el mar Árico, y grandes impactos en los ecosistemas marinos y en el clima de Norteamérica.48 (NASA 2010)
- Debido a la desaparición del hielo, los exploradores polares fueron capaces por primera vez de viajar alrededor del Polo Norte en un pequeño bote de fibra de vidrio, una proeza que habría sido imposible hace apenas 10 años sin un barco rompe hielo porque el paso estaba sellado con hielo.49 (Borge Ousland, explorador polar noruego, su viaje inició en junio del 2010)
- El Ártico está calentándose al doble del ritmo de cualquier otro lugar de la Tierra.50
- La cobertura de hielo del mar Árctico en el 2007 fue la más baja registrada y el Paso Noroccidental fue navegable por primera vez.51 Ahora solo el 10% es hielo más antiguo y grueso, mientras que cerca del 90% es hielo recién formado y delgado.52 Los científicos proyectan un verano completamente libre de hielo tan pronto como para el 2012 o 2013.53,54
- Sin el hielo protector que refleja la luz solar, el 90% del calor del sol puede entrar al agua abierta, acelerando entonces el calentamiento global.55,56
- Las dos principales capas de hielo del mundo. GROENLANDIA Y LA ANTARTIDA, se están derritiendo ahora a ritmos acelerados, mientras que antes del 2000 se pensaba que eran estables.57
- Groenlandia está viendo su peor derretimiento de hielo y pérdida de área glaciar en al menos cinco décadas.58(Actualización de la Tarjeta de Reporte Ártico 2010 de la Administración Atmosférica y Oceánica Nacional (AAON), EEUU)
- Los glaciares recientemente han duplicado o triplicado sus movimientos hacia el mar.59 (Ian Joughin, Universidad de Washington, 2010)
- “Temblores de hielo” causados por el rompimiento de icebergs se han más que triplicado desde 1993.60 (Göran Ekström y Meredith Nettles, Universidad Columbia, EEUU, 2010)
- La posible completa pérdida de la Capa de Hielo de Groenlandia podría ocasionar un aumento en el nivel del mar de 7 metros.61
- El derretimiento del agua acelerando el derretimiento de la Capa de Hielo de Groenlandia podría causar su desintegración en décadas en vez de siglos, como lo anteriormente proyectado.62 (Instituto Cooperativo para la Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (CIRES) en Colorado, EEUU)
- El 5 de agosto del 2010, un cuarto del Glaciar Petermann en Groenlandia, cuatro veces del tamaño de la isla de Manhattan en Nueva York y la más grande en casi medio siglo se quebró. "El agua fresca almacenada en esta isla de hielo podría mantener el flujo de los ríos Delaware o Hudson por más de dos años," dijo elprofesor Andreas Muenchow de la Universidad de Delaware.63,64,65
- En la Península Antártica, el 99% del gas metano se havisto burbujeando continuamente en ciertas áreas de la superficie del agua.66 (Dr. Rodolfo del Valle, geólogo argentino)
- Una importante reseña publicada en el2009 encontró que específicamente las capas de hielo sobre la Península Occidental de la Antártida se están retirando a un ritmo cada vez más acelerado, acelerado por las aguas calientes por debajo de las capas.67,68,69
- En el 2008, la Capa de HieloWilkins en la Península Antártica Occidental se desintegró. En el 2002, ala vasta Capa de Hielo Larsen B de 12,000 años le tomó solo tres semanas para desintegrarse por completo.70
HIELO: DERRETIMIENTO GLACIAR
- Más de 46,000 glaciares y expansiones depermafrost se están derritiendo rápidamente en "el Tercer Polo", el 3er almacén de hielo más grande de la Tierra luego del Ártico y la Antártida, ubicado en la altiplanicie tibetana y los Himalayas. Conocida como la “torre de agua de Asia,” el retiro glaciar de la región podría afectar a más de 1.500 millones de personas a lo largo de 10 países. 71(Programa Ambiental Tercer Polo liderado por la Academia de Ciencias China, 2010)
- Con el Glaciar Chacaltaya de 18.000 años de Bolivia que ya se fue, otro glaciar andino suramericano podría desaparecer en unas cuantas décadas.72,73
- Los glaciares de Kyrgyzstan están retrocediendo 3 veces más rápido que en los años 50, o tanto como 50 metros por año. El95% de los glaciares podríanirse para finales del siglo.74 (Instituto Hidroeléctrico de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Bishkek, Kyrgyzstán)
- El Monte Kilimanjaro en África ha perdido el 85% de su cobertura glaciar desde 1912 y podría desaparecer por completo en 20 años.75 (Resultados de la Academia Nacional de Ciencia, 2009)
- El Parque Nacional Glaciar de EEUU se piensa que estará sin glaciares para el 2020, 10 años antes que lo previamente proyectado. 76(Estudio Geológico de EEUU, 2009)
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