GLACE : RÉCHAUFFEMENT DE L'ARCTIQUE & L'ANTARCTIQUE
- Le méthane atmosphérique dans l'Arctique a augmenté de 33% en seulement 5 ans.35(Paul Palmer, scientifique de l'université d'Édimbourg, 2010) La fonte du pergélisol en Sibérie libère cinq fois la quantité de méthane que l'on pensait auparavant.36 (Dr Katie Walter, 2006)
- Le pergélisol sous-marin peu profond du plateau arctique de Sibérie orientale affiche aussi une instabilité et libère des quantités importantes de méthane.37 (Professeur
Igor Semiletov, chef de l'Étude Internationale Sibérienne (ISSS), université de l'Alaska à Fairbanks, Etats-Unis, 2010)
- La toundra arctique émet déjà sensiblement plus de méthane et de protoxyde d'azote que prévu.38(Professeur Greg Henry, université de la Colombie Britannique)
- Certains scientifiques appellent le dégel de l'Arctique une “bombe à retardement.” 39,40,41
- La banquise de l'Arctique fut au cours de l'été 2010, la troisième plus petite jamais enregistrée, les trois plus grands événements de rétrécissement de zone étant survenus au cours des quatre dernières années.42(Centre National Américain des Données sur la Neige et la Glace (NSIDC), rapport annuel 2010)
- Le réchauffement actuel fait qu'il est peu probable que l'Arctique retrouve son état antérieur. 43(Bulletin de l'Arctique de l'Administration Nationale de l'Océan et de l'Atmosphérique (NOAA) mis à jour 2010, États-Unis)
- En hiver 2009-2010, le réchauffement de l'Arctique a entraîné de forts vents froids et de fortes chutes de neige dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord et l'Eurasie orientale. 44,45,46,47(Dr James Overland de la NOAA/Laboratoire pacifique sur le milieu marin, États-Unis, 2010)
- Le réchauffement planétaire a prolongé la période de fonte annuelle de la banquise arctique de 20 jours par rapport à il y a trois décennies, ce qui signifie plus de chaleur pouvant être absorbée par l'océan Arctique et de grands impacts sur les écosystèmes marins et climatiques nord-américains.48 (NASA 2010)
- En raison de la disparition des glaces, des explorateurs polaires ont pu pour la première fois voyager autour du pôle Nord sur un petit bateau à voile en fibre de verre, un exploit qui aurait été impossible il y a 10 ans sans navire brise-glace car les passages étaient scellés de glace.49 (Explorateur polaire norvégien Borge Ousland, voyage ayant débuté en juin 2010)
- L'arctique se réchauffe à un rythme deux fois supérieur à celui observé partout ailleurs sur Terre.50
- La banquise arctique en 2007 était à son niveau le plus bas jamais enregistré et le Passage Nord-Ouest était navigable pour la première fois. Seulement 10% de la glace est désormais plus ancienne et plus épaisse, tandis que plus de 90% est nouvellement formée et mince.52 Les scientifiques prévoient un été complètement libre de glace dès 2012 or 2013.53,54
- Sans la glace protectrice qui reflète la lumière du soleil, 90% de la chaleur du soleil peut entrer dans l'eau, accélérant ainsi le réchauffement climatique.55,56
- Les deux grandes calottes glacières du monde, le GROENLAND ET L'ANTARCTIQUE, sont en train de fondre à un rythme accéléré, alors qu'avant 2000, elles étaient considérées comme stables.57
- Le Groenland connaît sa pire fonte de glaces et sa pire perte de surface glaciaire en au moins cinq décennies.58 (Bulletin de l'Arctique de l'Administration Nationale de l'Océan et de l'Atmosphérique (NOAA) mis à jour 2010, États-Unis)
- Les glaciers ont récemment doublé ou triplé leurs mouvements vers la mer.59 (Ian Joughin, université de Washington , 2010)
- “Les séismes glaciaires” causés par la rupture des icebergs ont plus que triplé depuis 1993.60 (Göran Ekström et Meredith Nettles, université de Columbia, États-Unis, 2010)
- La possible perte totale de l'inlandsis du Groenland résulterait en une élévation du niveau de la mer de 7 mètres.61
- L'eau de fonte accélérant la fonte des inlandsis du Groenland pourraient provoquer sa désintégration eu cours des décennies à venir plutôt que des siècles futurs, comme cela était prévu auparavant.62 (Institut de Coopération pour la Recherche en Sciences de l'Environnement (CIRES), Colorado, États-Unis)
- Le 5 août 2010, un quart du glacier Petermann du Groenland, quatre fois la taille de l'île de Manhattan à New York et le plus important en près d'un demi-siècle, s'est détaché. "L'eau douce stockée dans cette île de glace permettrait aux fleuves Delaware ou Hudson de couler durant plus de deux ans," a déclaré le professeur Andreas Muenchow de l'université du
Delaware.63,64,65
- La péninsule de l'Antarctique, 99% de méthane a été vu bouilloner en continu dans certaines zones de l'eau de surface.66 (Géologue argentin Dr Rodolfo del Valle)
- Une révision majeure publiée en 2009 a révélé que les banquises sur la péninsule occidentale de l'Antarctique reculent à un rythme toujours plus rapide, accéléré par le réchauffement des eaux sous la banquise.67,68,69
- Au cours de 2008, la plateforme glaciaire de Wilkins de la Péninsule Antarctique Ouest s'est désintégrée. En 2002, il n'a fallu que trois semaines à la plate-forme Larsen B, de 12 000 d'âge pour se désintégrer complètement.70
GLACE : FONTE DES GLACIERS
- Plus de 46 000 glaciers et étendues de pergélisol dégèlent rapidement dans
“le Troisième Pôle,” la 3ème plus grande réserve de glace de la Terre après l'Arctique
et l'Antarctique, situé sur le plateau tibétain et himalayen. Le recul glaciaire de cette région est aussi appelée “Château d'eau d'Asie,” pourrait affecter plus de 1,5 milliard de personnes dans 10 pays. 71(Programme Environnemental sur le Troisième Pôle par l'Académie chinoise des Sciences, 2010)
- Alors que le glacier Chacaltaya en Bolivie, âgé de 18 000 ans, a déjà disparu, d'autres glaciers andins d'Amérique du Sud pourraient disparaître d'ici quelques décennies.72,73
- Les glaciers du Kirghizstan reculent 3 fois plus rapidement qu'1950, soit environ 50 mètres par an. 95% des glaciers pourraient avoir disparu d'ici la fin du siècle.74 (Institut de l'Hydro-Energie à l'Académie Nationale des Sciences à Bishkek, Kirghizstan)
- En Afrique, le mont Kilimandjaro a perdu 85% de sa couverture glaciaire depuis 1912 et pourrait avoir complètement disparu dans 20 ans.75 (Actes de l'Académie Nationale des Sciences, 2009)
- Aux États-Unis, le Parc National de Glacier pourrait perdre toute sa glace d'ici 2020, soit 10 ans plutôt que prévu. 76(US Geological Survey, 2009)
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